World Civilization Essay Topics - The Best World Civilization Essay Topics

World Civilization Essay Topics - The Best World Civilization Essay TopicsWorld Civilization Essay Topics has been a very popular subject for a while now. The ability to see the world from another point of view has changed the way people think and changed the way that many people interact with each other.How many times have you listened to the radio and heard the list of the best world civilization essay topics? You would have probably heard about several of them and you would have probably agreed with them. You probably would not have listened to the radio the same way again.People think that essay topics on the radio are boring, but they can be interesting and have many twists to them. Often times the way that people react when someone has an opinion on a topic will change the way that they think and it is possible to get a different point of view.If a person's opinion on a topic is expressed well it can change the way that they interact with their family, friends and coworkers. It can lead to a better understanding between people and a better understanding of the world around them.What this means is that when the radio is on, it is a great idea to listen to it and try to relate it to your own life and how it has impacted the way that you think and feel. It is also a great idea to consider the ideas that have been presented and try to imagine yourself expressing the same thoughts in a way that will be understood by those who hear it. You may find that you have a different perspective on an issue that is impacting you and your family and that you understand things more clearly.The best world civilization essay topics will get a variety of opinions, because people are all different and there is no one definition of what they believe in. When they talk, they are trying to get everyone to understand them and communicate better because they do not want to sound stupid or try to explain something that they really do not understand.The best world civilization essay topics will challenge you to think outside of the box and to take a different look at things. This will lead to a better understanding of the world around you and also open the door to new ideas and new perspectives.Many people find that the best world civilization essay topics are often similar to each other, but each one can also be totally different. They are creating a mix of information that is interesting to different people and that is the real beauty of them.

Biography of Pancho Villa -- The Centaur of the North

Pancho Villa (1878-1923) was a Mexican bandit, warlord and revolutionary. One of the most important figures of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), he was a fearless fighter, clever military commander and important power broker during the years of conflict. His vaunted Division of the North was, at one time, the strongest army in Mexico and he was instrumental in the downfall of both Porfirio Dà ­az and Victoriano Huerta. When the alliance of Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregà ³n finally defeated him, he responded by waging a guerrilla war which included an attack on Columbus, New Mexico. He was assassinated in 1923. Early Years Pancho Villa was born Doroteo Arango to a family of impoverished sharecroppers who worked land belonging to the wealthy and powerful Là ³pez Negrete family in the state of Durango. According to legend, when young Doroteo caught one of the Là ³pez Negrete clan trying to rape his sister Martina, he shot him in the foot and fled to the mountains. There he joined a band of outlaws and soon rose to a position of leadership through his bravery and ruthlessness. He earned good money as a bandit and gave some if it back to the poor, which earned him a reputation as a sort of Robin Hood. Revolution Breaks Out The Mexican Revolution broke out in 1910 when Francisco I. Madero, who had lost a crooked election to dictator Porfirio Dà ­az, declared himself president and called for the people of Mexico to take up arms. Arango, who had changed his name to Pancho Villa (after his grandfather) by then, was one who answered the call. He brought his bandit force with him and soon became one of the most powerful men in the north as his army swelled. When Madero returned to Mexico from exile in the United States in 1911, Villa was the one who welcomed him. Villa knew he was no politician but he saw promise in Madero and vowed to take him to Mexico City. The Campaign Against Dà ­az The corrupt regime of Porfirio Dà ­az was still entrenched in power, however. Villa soon gathered an army around him, including an elite cavalry unit. Around this time he earned the nickname â€Å"the Centaur of the North† because of his riding skill. Along with fellow warlord Pascual Orozco, Villa controlled the north of Mexico, defeating federal garrisons and capturing towns. Dà ­az might have been able to handle Villa and Orozco, but he also had to worry about the guerrilla forces of Emiliano Zapata in the south, and before too long it was evident that Dà ­az could not defeat the enemies arrayed against him. He left the country in April of 1911, and Madero entered the capital in June, triumphant. In Defense of Madero Once in office, Madero quickly got into trouble. Remnants of the Dà ­az regime despised him, and he alienated his allies by not honoring his promises to them. Two key allies he turned against him were Zapata, who was disappointed to see that Madero had little interest in land reform, and Orozco, who had hoped in vain that Madero would give him a lucrative post, such as state governor. When these two men once again took up arms, Madero called on Villa, his only remaining ally. Along with General Victoriano Huerta, Villa fought and defeated Orozco, who was forced into exile in the United States. Madero could not see those enemies closest to him, however, and Huerta, once back in Mexico City, betrayed Madero, arrested him and ordered him executed before setting himself up as president. Campaign Against Huerta Villa had believed in Madero and was devastated by his death. He quickly joined an alliance of Zapata and revolution newcomers Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregà ³n dedicated to removing Huerta. By then, Villas Division of the North was the most powerful and feared military unit in the nation and his soldiers numbered in the tens of thousands. Huerta was surrounded and outnumbered, even though Orozco had returned and joined him, bringing his army with him. Villa led the fight against Huerta, defeating federal forces in cities all over northern Mexico. Carranza, a former governor, named himself Chief of the Revolution, which irritated Villa although he accepted it. Villa did not want to be president, but he did not like Carranza. Villa saw him as another Porfirio Dà ­az and wanted someone else to lead Mexico once Huerta was out of the picture. In May of 1914, the way was clear for an attack on the strategic town of Zacatecas, where there was a major railway junction that could carry the revolutionaries right into Mexico City. Villa attacked Zacatecas on June 23. The Battle of Zacatecas was a huge military victory for Villa: barely a few hundred out of 12,000 federal soldiers survived. After the loss at Zacatecas, Huerta knew his cause was lost and tried to surrender to gain some concessions, but the allies would not let him off the hook so easily. Huerta was forced to flee, naming an interim president to rule until Villa, Obregà ³n, and Carranza reached Mexico City. Villa Versus Carranza With Huerta gone, hostilities between Villa and Carranza broke out almost immediately. A number of delegates from the leading figures of the revolution got together at the Convention of Aguascalientes in October of 1914, but the interim government put together at the convention did not last and the country was once again embroiled  in a civil war. Zapata remained holed up in Morelos, only fighting those who ventured onto his turf, and Obregà ³n decided to support Carranza, mostly because he felt Villa was a loose cannon and Carranza was the lesser of two evils. Carranza set himself up as  President of Mexico  until elections could take place and sent Obregà ³n and his army after the rebellious Villa. At first, Villa and his generals, such as  Felipe Angeles, scored decisive victories against Carranza. But in April, Obregà ³n brought his army north and lured Villa into a fight.  The Battle of Celaya took place from April 6-15, 1915 and was a huge victory for Obregà ³n. Villa limped away but Obregà ³n chased him and the two fought at the Battle of Trinidad (April 29-June 5, 1915). Trinidad was another huge loss for Villa and the once-mighty Division of the North was in tatters. In October, Villa crossed the mountains into Sonora, where he hoped to defeat Carranzas forces and regroup. During the crossing, Villa lost Rodolfo Fierro, his most loyal  officer, and cruel hatchet man. Carranza had reinforced Sonora, however, and Villa was defeated. He was forced to cross back into Chihuahua with what was left of his army. By December, it was evident to Villas officers that Obregà ³n and Carranza had won: most of the Division of the North accepted an offer of amnesty and switched sides. Villa himself headed into the mountains with 200 men, determined to keep fighting. The Guerrilla Campaign and the Attack on Columbus Villa had officially gone rogue. His army down to a couple of hundred men, he resorted to banditry to keep his men supplied with food and ammunition. Villa became increasingly  erratic and blamed the Americans for his losses in Sonora. He detested  Woodrow Wilson  for recognizing the Carranza government and began harassing any and all Americans that crossed his path. On the morning of March 9, 1916, Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico, with 400 men. The plan was to defeat the small garrison and make off with weapons and ammunition as well as to rob the bank and get revenge on one Sam Ravel, an American arms dealer who had once double-crossed Villa and a Columbus resident. The attack failed on every level: the American garrison was much stronger than Villa had suspected, the bank went unrobbed, and Sam Ravel had gone to El Paso. Still, the fame Villa gained by having the guts to attack a town in the United States gave him a new lease on life. Recruits once again joined his army and word of his deeds  was  spread far and wide, often romanticized in song. The Americans sent  General Jack Pershing  into Mexico after Villa. On March 15, he took 5,000 American soldiers across the border. This action became known as the â€Å"Punitive Expedition† and it was a fiasco. Finding the elusive Villa proved next to impossible and logistics were a nightmare. Villa was wounded in a skirmish in late March and spent two months recovering alone in a hidden cave: he dispersed his men into small squads and told them to fight on while he healed. When he came out, many of his men had been killed, including some of his best officers. Undaunted, he took again to the hills, fighting both the Americans and Carranzas forces. In June, there was a confrontation between Carranzas forces and the Americans just south of Ciudad Juà ¡rez. Cool heads prevented another war between Mexico and the United States, but it was clear that it was time for Pershing to leave. By early 1917 all American forces had left Mexico, and Villa was still at large. After Carranza Villa remained in the hills and mountains of northern Mexico, attacking small federal garrisons and eluding capture until  1920 when the political situation changed. In 1920, Carranza backed off a promise to support Obregà ³n for president. This was a fatal mistake, as Obregà ³n still had much support in many sectors of society, including the army. Carranza, fleeing Mexico City, was assassinated on May 21, 1920. The death of Carranza was an opportunity for  Pancho Villa. He began negotiations with the government to disarm and stop fighting. Although Obregà ³n was against it, Provisional President Adolfo de la Huerta saw it as an opportunity and brokered a deal with Villa in July. Villa was granted a large hacienda, where many of his men joined him, and his veterans were all given mustering-out pay and an amnesty was declared for Villa, his  officers, and men.  Eventually, even Obregà ³n saw the wisdom of peace with Villa and honored the deal. Death of Villa Obregà ³n was elected President of Mexico in September of 1920, and he began the work of rebuilding the nation.  Villa,  retired to his hacienda in Canutillo, began farming and ranching. Neither man forgot about one another, and the people never forgot Pancho Villa: how could they, when the songs about his daring and cleverness were still sung up and down Mexico? Villa kept a low profile and was seemingly friendly with Obregà ³n, but soon the new president decided the time had come to get rid of Villa once and for all. On July 20, 1923, Villa was  gunned down as he drove a car  in the town of Parral. Although he was never directly implicated in the killing, it is clear that Obregà ³n gave the order, perhaps because he feared Villas interference (or possible candidacy) in the 1924 elections. Pancho Villas Legacy The people of Mexico were devastated to hear of Villas death: he was still a folk hero for his defiance of the Americans, and he was seen as a possible savior from the harshness of the Obregà ³n administration. The ballads continued to be sung and even those who had hated him in life mourned his death. Over the years, Villa has continued to evolve into a mythological figure. Mexicans have forgotten his role in the bloody Revolution, forgotten his massacres and executions and robberies. All that is left is his daring, cleverness and defiance, which continue to be celebrated by many Mexicans in art,  literature, and film. Perhaps it is better this way: Villa himself certainly would have approved. Source: McLynn, Frank.  Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000.

The Statistics Of Prevalence For Child Sex Abuse Essay

The statistics of prevalence for child sex abuse varies because of all the unique cases of child sex abuse that is reported. Although, statistic show that one in three girls will be sexually abused at one point in the United States and boys are one in seven to be sexually abused (Anderson, 2014). Children are not susceptible to crime as shown in the statistics because predators like pedophiles have fetishes towards little boy or girls. One study found that 10% of children experienced or came close to experiencing a form of sexual violence which would include rape, sexual assault, or harassment (Anderson, 2014). The numbers shown in the statistics are higher because of the unreported cases. 30% of cases involving child sex abuse are reported to the local authorities and 73% to 87% of female adolescents who are abused sexually are not treated or identified by by the community (Anderson, 2014). Child sex abuse is also costly because it costs the United States an estimated $103 billion f or the abuse and negligence (Anderson, 2014). On another note, 80% of children who have been sexually abused have symptoms of PTSD (Anderson, 2014). Prevention of child sex abuse has risen in recent years with various programs and policies that help reduce the rate of children being abused. Sex offender registries was formed to notify the local communities about a sex offender living near the families. The Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Act requires statesShow MoreRelatedBackground And Consequences Of Child Sexual Abuse1585 Words   |  7 Pagesbrowsing. Relevant sources have been properly referred. This report is presented to bring the harsh facts regarding Social Responses to Child Sexual Abuse in Nigeria, author do hope this piece of paper will bring the light on relevant facts and concerned authorizes take some steps to make the condition better. 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Yet all offences that involve sexually touching a child, as well as non-touching offenses and sexual exploitation, are justRead MoreChildhood Victimization And Adult Criminals Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagestheir results in order to attempt to find a correlation between childhood abuse, neglect, or sexual abuse and adult criminals. A common assumption amongst those in the field of criminal justice is that most adult criminals were victims of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and/or neglect in their childhood. A study by Steele in 1975 found that, of 200 detained juvenile offenders, between 72% and 84% had backgrounds of child abuse (Weeks Widom, 1998). A 1979 study by Lewis, Schanok, Pincus, and GlaserRead More Sexuality962 Words   |  4 Pagesthat are defining features of romantic intimacy. (Fering 2009) Child sexual abuse (CSA) is defined in the International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences as any [sexual] action that is inflicted upon or must be tolerated by a child against their own will or any [sexual] action about which the child cannot make a decision due to their physical, emotional, mental, and verbal inferiority. Statistics for the prevalence of CSA range from anywhere from 15 to 25 percent of women to 5 toRead MoreEssay about Domestic Violence 1016 Words   |  5 Pagesthat every 9 seconds a women is being beaten or assaulted? It is known that around the world, at least one and every three women has been beaten into having sex or some rudely thing in her entire lifetime. There are many cases where the abuser is a family member. Domestic violence is that the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sex crime, and different abusive behavior perpetrated by an intimate partner against another. It is a virulent disease touching people in each community, notwithstanding

Negative Effects On Cellphones A Good Tool For Learning...

Negative Effects on Cellphones: If you are like me, then you always have your cell phone with you. Is this a good thing or a bad thing? Parents struggle everyday just to seek some attention from their kids, they also worry if their kids are making smart choices on their phones. Cell phones have become very beneficial in today’s life. However, it also causes a lack of social skills, inappropriate activity, and dangerous distractions. Primarily, some people would say that cell phones are a good tool for learning social skills, and that you can learn a lot from a variety of different kinds of people in a fast way. However, Cellphones cause a big lack of social skills. According†¦show more content†¦Next, cellphones cause a lot of inappropriate activity. This could be Identity theft, money theft, and kids abusing their cell phone privileges. Identity theft and money theft can happen through a phone call, a text message or even logging on to a Wi-Fi network. Now daysâ€⠄¢ people will give their information to pretty much anybody and they don’t realize how easy it is for somebody to take their belongings. People need to wake up, and protect their special numbers. Identity and credit card theft can ruin a person’s life, leaving them moneyless, and even in debt, and nobody wants a thief to have all their hard-working money. In today’s generation, every kid even at the minimum age of six that I’ve seen for myself has a phone. Kids have many opportunities to abuse cell phone usage. All some parents do is buy their child a phone and give it to them without even thinking about all the harmful aspects that could happen. Since pretty much every teen has a cell phone it is eventually going to cause some problems, according to Neil Marr, and Tim field: Mobile phones have become the new weapon of choice for bullies. With three-quarters of children now owning a mobile phone, the anonymity, sluggishness of telecommunications service providers, and the weakness of law provide bullies with the perfect means of taunting their target with little fear of being caught. Text messages provide completeShow MoreRelatedHow Technology Affects Human Life1549 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that technology has a negative impact because many people have become very dependent on it. Technology changes the way people feel, think, interact, and experience their reality. In my opinion, I agree with them. Technology has decreased the need for social interaction, changed people s behavior, and had harmful effects on people s health. Does technology have a negative impact to human s life? Yes, it does, because it has decreased the need for social interaction. 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HypotheticallyRead MoreThe Effects of Social Media1114 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Media Most people determine social media valuable to their lives; however the manifestation of it is the loss of physical communication skills. Sherry Turkle, a clinical psychologist of MIT, strongly argues how social media are causing a loss of real human connection. Turkle explained the difference between texting and face to face conversation clearly they have a very distinct range. Texting has no emotion or feeling toward the person reading them. In the second half of the article, she raisedRead MoreEssay On Someone Is Always Watching1455 Words   |  6 Pagesinto one of the many social media sites offered via the world wide web. Some users say that if you aren’t doing anything wrong, what does it matter if our every move is being tracked and recorded. It matters because our privacy is being violated, having privacy is one of our basic human rights. When we sign up on social media we knowingly give up that right as Kent Anderson, author of â€Å"People are Willing to Trade Le ss Privacy for Access to Social Media†, writes, â€Å" Social networks are based onRead MoreIs Technology Really Making Life Easier?5158 Words   |  21 Pagesstance that advancement in technology has led to major sociological issues that are currently being felt and will be felt for generations to come. I highlighted the creation of such devices and services such as cell phones, computers, the internet, and social media. My research has only shown more support to what I had believed prior to starting this process. My conclusion based off the information to follow is that technology may have made our lives more convenient, however it has not made our lives easierRead MoreThe Effects Of Cell Phones On Children2986 Words   |  12 PagesIf You Give a Child a Cell Phone: The Negative Effects a Cellular Device Has on Children A study conducted in 2004 found that around 45% of the children in the U.S possessed a cell phone and in 2010 those numbers rose to include 75% of the population (Hofferth and Moon 108). As of today, according to Fox 28 News, around 96% of children now don a cell phone, practically doubling the amount of child cell phone users in the year of 2004. With this increased amount of cell phones among children, oneRead MoreEfffects of Cell Phone Text Language4142 Words   |  17 PagesPROBLEM Introduction Cellular telephone or Mobile telephone commonly referred as  mobile phone  or  cellphone is a long-range, portable electronic device that is used in mobile communication. In 1990’s, few messages were sent through SMS (Short Messaging Service), but in year 2000 text messaging has been develop and gain popularity so the number of subscribers increase. In the late 60 s, cellphone were initially introduced in the Philippines and was made popular by  Motorola Philippines. In the midRead MoreThe Effect of Texting in Writing Skills of the Students6394 Words   |  26 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Students with reading difficulties usually have problems in spelling as well and often times have more severe deficits in spelling than in reading, according to Hallahan et. al. in introduction to learning disabilities. In reading, context and other cues help one to decode a word, but in spelling, one must produce the word after hearing or thinking it. As a consequence of their difficulties with spelling, student

Cargill Paper Summary free essay sample

In Food Industry Anshi Chen Marketing 505, Environmental Paper March 29, 2012 Paper Source Cargill: inside the quite giant that rules food business, Fortune Magazine, October 2011 Summary The article introduces Cargill, a food industry company. Cargill, headquartered in Wayzata, Minnesota, is the biggest corporation in food production and it is privately held. In 2011 fiscal year, its revenue was $119. 5 billion. If Cargill goes public, it will be No. 18 on Fortune 500. In 1865, Cargill is found by William Wallace Cargill in Conover, Iowa. Today it is still owned 90% by Cargills and MacMillans, the two families jointed by marriage. Currently, Greg Page is the CEO. Although Cargill is huge and its business activities impact most Americans’ daily lives through various food channels, it has not been well known for the public. As a corporation, Cargill’s typical strategy is to acquire and sell businesses. It also has a tradition of developing innovative new business. Interestingly, Cargill doesn’t do farming as a food supplier. We will write a custom essay sample on Cargill Paper Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cargill runs business globally as 60% of its earnings are generated outside of US. It returned to Vietnam right after President Clinton normalized US and Vietnam relationships in 1995. After several successful projects, Cargill launched public-private partnership with Chocolate giant Mars, government of Vietnam and Netherlands in 2004 to create a cocoa export industry, which had never existed in Vietnam before. In 2011, Vietnam produced 2,500 tons of cocoa and 70% of them went to Cargill. Cargill’s business goes up and down due to unpredictable events around the world. Concerning with long term prosperities, Cargill watches political policies carefully as food industry is heavily regulated and hence greatly ffected by the governments’ legislations and policies. The Legal Environmental Influence As the largest multinational corporation in food industry, Cargill needs to adapt different legal environments, domestically and internationally. Their interests are impacted by legislations and policies in different countries and relationships between them. They took the advantage of normalized relationship between US and Vietnam in 1995 to legally run the business in Vietnam. Later on, that gave them huge opportunities on business development. Booming cocoa export industry is a good example. Cargill maintains a â€Å"big acquisition agenda†. To acquire and sell companies world-widely, they need a lot of local authorities’ approvals. And some multinationals require more complicated legal work. The food security concern, which could evolve to policies and infringes its cross market operations, worries Cargill a lot. They don’t want to â€Å"end up with policies counterproductive to feeding everyone or a business model that doesn’t have any freedom to operate†.

Combining Principles and Pragmatism

One of the most challenging attributes of leadership is balancing between principles and pragmatics. The two attributes are a contrast of each other, yet are both important to successful leadership. The main question thus is if it is actually possible to attain a perfect balance between principles and pragmatism, and when do principles override pragmatism and vice versa.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Combining Principles and Pragmatism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are valuable lessons learnt from historical leaders, such as Thomas More, a fifteenth century British fictional moralist. Each of the lessons learned from Thomas More’s story shows that other than striving to seek a balance between pragmatism and principles, leaders ought to understand when to be principled and when pragmatism is the more appropriate approach to leadership. This is attained through the use of a variety of techniques t hat enable leaders to achieve balance between pragmatic and principled leadership. Suffice to say that each of the two attributes to leadership separately plays an important role in leadership. Despite the fact that people prefer to be led by morally upright pragmatic leaders, it is easier if leaders understood that it is almost a futile attempt to combine the two. Leaders can however be more effective if they understand when to be pragmatic and when to be principled. Choosing to be principled means that a leader’s objective is to motivate and be inspirational to others. As such this is how mentors are born. Mentors thrive on principles. This is due to the fact that people who are being mentored are attracted to principled mentors, rather than pragmatists, as unlike pragmatists, principled leaders are able to stick to given principles, an attribute that makes it hard to fault them. Other than in mentorship, being principled is also vital in parenthood. Parents have to be fair ly principled to effectively run stable homes. Principled parenting means that one is able to appeal to the senses of ones’ children. Parents who run the risk of being pragmatist are too nice to their children and as such may end up destroying their homes, rather than building them (Badaracco, 2006). The relationship between pragmatism and principles has also been brought under spotlight t in military expeditions especially in war torn regions. Effective management of war time conflict means that the military has to decide when to be pragmatic and when to stick to war principles. This enables the military to deal with civilian as well as military issues effectively (Cordaid, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Modern day leaders have to learn when to be pragmatic or principled. They must also be able to make critical choices, between pragmatism of principles, acc ording to their convictions and stick to those choices even under greatest duress. They also have to know that the choices they make will at times come to test. As such modern leaders have to learn that making such choices also comes with dire consequences. While this is a valuable lesson, it has been exemplified in fictional characters rather than real life characters. A fifteenth century British icon of moral leadership, Thomas More exemplified this. Despite the fact that More was both a pragmatic and principled leader, he chose to live, and die by his conviction of principled leadership even when it meant going against the king’s decree. The result of More’s choice of principled leadership was his beheading. More’s choices and subsequent beheading is seen as one of the greatest sacrifices by a person in the history of England. Thomas More was canonized and knighted posthumously and his values of principled leadership have remained an inspiration to many to da te (Badaracco, 2006). This implies that modern day leaders have a mentor in Thomas More on principled leadership. Leaders must also learn that there are consequences that come along with making such choice. Even though More’s story is a great inspiration on principled leadership, it does not mean that principled leadership overrides pragmatism. Thomas More life exemplified the values of principled leadership but More was also was an icon artful balance between principles and pragmatism, a situation that Guyatt (2003) refers to as the realism of pragmatists. Ambitious Modern day leaders have to learn how to attain this through a variety of tactics such as humor, seeking to be understood and being dramatic. This implies that if modern day leaders acquire these skills they will become leaders for all seasons. Furthermore, more approach of seeking artful balance is a reelection of how the world of leadership is a complex place. Despite the fact that Thomas More sacrificed pragmat ism with tragic effects, for effective day to day leadership, understanding the using a little bit of principles and pragmatics, is more beneficial than choosing either.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Combining Principles and Pragmatism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is thus impossible to attain a perfect balance between being a pragmatic leader and a principled leader. This is captured in Badaracco’s question ‘How well do I combine pragmatism and principles’. The perspective of balance is altered by the use of the term well in this title. This implies that a perfect balance is almost impossible, but an artful balance can be attained through certain skills in what is referred to as achieving artful balance. Reference List Badaracco, J. (2006). Questions of character. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Cordaid. (2006). Principles and pragmatism – Civil-military action in Afgha nistan and Liberia. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/liberia/principles-and-pragmatism-civil-military-action-afghanistan-and-liberia Guyatt, N. (2003). Another American century? The United States and the world since  9/11. London: Zed Books. This essay on Combining Principles and Pragmatism was written and submitted by user Pierce Drake to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Quantitative Techniques Essays

Quantitative Techniques Essays Quantitative Techniques Essay Quantitative Techniques Essay Explain the use of Quantitative Techniques in Business and Management? Marks: 10 b). What are limitations of Statistics? Marks: 10 Page 2 of 29 Page 3 of 29 a). QUATITATIVE TECHNIQUES Quantitative techniques refers to the group of statistical and operations research techniques. All these techniques require preliminary knowledge of certain topics in mathematics. Quantitative Techniques Statistical Techniques Techniques Operations Research USE OF QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES IN BUSINESS AND MANAGMENT Due to increasing complexity in business and industry, decision making based on intuition has become highly questionable especially when the decision involves the choice among several courses of action each of which can achieve several management actions. So there is need for training the people who can manage a system efficiently and creatively. Quantitative Techniques now have a major role in effective decision making in various functional areas of management i. e. marketing, finance, production and personnel. These techniques are also widely used in planning, transportation, public health, communication, military, agriculture etc. Quantitative techniques are also used extensively as an aid in business decision making. Some of the areas where quantitative techniques can be used are: Page 3 of 29 Page 4 of 29 MANAGEMENT i). Marketing Analysis of marketing research information Statistical records for building and maintaining an extensive market Sales forecasting iii). iv). ECONOMICS Measurement of gross national product and input-output analysis Determination of business cycle, long term growth and seasonal fluctuations Comparison of market prices, cost and profits of individual firms Analysis of population, land economies and economic geography Page 4 of 29 ii). Production Production planning, control and analysis Evaluation of machine performance Quality control requirement (to analyze the data/trends) Inventory control measures Finance, Accounting and Investment Financial forecast, budget preparation Financial investment decisions Selection of securities Auditing function Credit policies, credit risk and delinquent accounts Personnel Labour turn over rate Employment trends Performance appraisal Wage rates and incentive plans Page 5 of 29 Operational studies of public utilities Formulation of appropriate economic policies and evaluation of their effect RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT Development of new product lines Optimal use of resources Evaluation of existing products NATURAL SCIENCE Diagnosis of disease based on data like temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure etc. Judging the efficiency of a particular drug for curing a certain disease Study of plant life In the competitive and dynamic business world, firms/companies who likes to succee d and survive are those which are capable of maximizing the use of tools of management like quantitative techniques. ) LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS Statistics with all its wide application in every sphere of human activity has its own limitations. Some of them are given below. 1. STATISTICS IS NOT SUITABLE TO THE STUDY OF QUALITATIVE PHENOMENON: Since statistics is basically a science and deals with a set of numerical data, it is applicable to the study of only these subjects of enquiry, which can be expressed in terms of quantitative measurements. As a matter of fact, qualitative phenomenon like honesty, poverty, beauty, intelligence etc, cannot be expressed numerically and any Page 5 of 29 Page 6 of 29 statistical analysis cannot be directly applied on these qualitative phenomenons. Nevertheless, statistical techniques may be applied indirectly by first reducing the qualitative expressions to accurate quantitative terms. For example, the intelligence of a group of students can be studied on the basis of their marks in a particular examination. 2. STATISTICS DOES NOT STUDY INDIVIDUALS: Statistics does not give any specific importance to the individual items; in fact it deals with an aggregate of objects. Individual items, when they are taken individually do not constitute any statistical data and do not serve any purpose for any statistical enquiry. 3. STATISTICAL LAWS ARE NOT EXACT: It is well known that mathematical and physical sciences are exact. But statistical laws are not exact and statistical laws are only approximations. Statistical conclusions are not universally true. They are true only on an average. 4. STATISTICS TABLE MAY BE MISUSED: Statistics must be used only by experts; otherwise, statistical methods are the most dangerous tools on the hands of the inexpert. The use of statistical tools by the inexperienced and untraced persons might lead to wrong conclusions. Statistics can be easily misused by quoting wrong figures of data. 5. STATISTICS IS ONLY, ONE OF THE METHODS OF STUDYING A PROBLEM: Statistical method do not provide complete solution of the problems because problems are to be studied taking the background of the countries culture, philosophy or religion into consideration. Thus the statistical study should be supplemented by other evidences. References: www. textbooksonline. tn. nic. in/ Page 6 of 29 Page 7 of 29 Question 2 ). Different types of functions are introduced and used in CACULUS, briefly explain them? Marks: 10 b). Graph and find domain of f(x) = 22 if x lt; 0 if x gt; 0 Marks: 10 3x + 1 Page 7 of 29 Page 8 of 29 a). TYPES OF FUNCTION Different types of functions that are introduced and used in calculus are: i). ii). iii). iv). v). vi). i). Linear Function Polynomial Function Absolute Value Function Inverse Function Ste p Function Algebraic Function LINEAR FUNCTION A linear function is one in which the power of independent variable is 1, it is also called single variable function. The general expression of linear function having only one independent variable is: y = f(x) = a + bx where a and b are given real numbers and x is an independent variable taking all numerical values in an interval. Single variable function can be linear and non-linear, for example y = and y = 2 + 3x – 52 + x2 (non-linear single variable function) 3 + 2x (Linear single variable function) Page 8 of 29 Page 9 of 29 A linear function with one variable can always be graphed in a two dimensional plane. This graph can always be plotted by giving different values to x and calculating corresponding values of y. The graph of such functions is always a straight line. ii). POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION Polynomial functions are functions with x as an input variable, made up of several terms, each term is made up of two factors, the first being a real number coefficient, and the second being x raised to some non-negative integer power. Polynomial functions are functions that have this form: y = f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + + a1x1 + a0 The value of n must be a nonnegative integer. That is, it must be whole number; it is equal to zero or a positive integer. an, an-1, , a1, a0 are called coefficients. These are real numbers. The degree of the polynomial function is the highest value for n where an is not equal to 0. If n = 1, then the polynomial function is of degree 1 and is called a linear function and if n = 2 then the polynomial function is of degree 2 and is called quadratic function and usually written as: y = iii). ax2 + bx + c ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION The absolute value function is the real-valued function defined as follows. =  ¦x  ¦ Where  ¦x  ¦ is known as magnitude or absolute value of x. By absolute value means that whether x is positive or negative, its Page 9 of 29 Page 10 of 29 absolute value will remain positive. For example  ¦7  ¦= 7 and  ¦-6  ¦ = 6. The graph of given function is like this: iv). INVERSE FUNCTION Take the function y = f(x). Then the value of y can be uniquely determined for given values of x as per the functiona l relationship. . Sometimes it is required to consider x as a of y, so that for given values of y, the values of x can be determined as per the functional relationship. This is called the inverse function and is also donated by x = f -1 (y). For example consider the linear function: y= ax + b Expressing this in terms of x, we get x = = y b /a y/a b/a = cy – d where c = 1/a, and d = b/a This is also a linear function and is denoted by x = f -1 (y). v). STEP FUNCTION For different values of an independent variable x in an interval, the dependant variable y = f(x) takes a constant value, but takes Page 10 of 29 Page 11 of 29 different values in different intervals. In such cases the given function y = f(x) is called a step function. i). ALGEBRAIC TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS Functions can also be classified with respect to the mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers and roots) involved in the functional relationship between dependant variable and independent variables. When only finite number of terms are involved in a functional relationship and variables are affected only by the mathematical operations, then the function is called an algebraic function otherwise transcendental function. The following functions are algebraic functions of x. ). ii). iii). y = 23 + 52 3x + 9 y = vx + 1/x2 Y = x3 1/ vx + 2 The subclasses of transcendental functions are: i). ii). b). Exponential Function Logarithmic Function DOMAIN: Domain consists of all real numbers except zero. Now consider f (x) = 22 where x lt; 0 Supposed the values of x are -1, -3, -5, then Page 11 of 29 Page 12 of 29 f (-1) = 2(-1)2 = 2 f(-3) = 2(-3)2 = 18 f(-5) = 2(-5)2 = 50 Its graph is as follows; f (x) = 22 60 50 40 Y-Axis 30 20 10 0 -6 -5 -4 -3 X-Axis -2 -1 Now consider f (x) = 3x + 1 if x gt; 0 Suppose value of x are 1, 3, 5, so f (1) = f (3) = f (5) = 3(1) + 1 3(3) + 1 3(5) + 1 = = = 4 10 16 Its graph will be as follows; Page 12 of 29 Page 13 of 29 f (x) = 3x + 1 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 1 Y-Axis 6 5 4 X-Axis 3 Reference: themathpage. com http://oregonstate. edu Quantitative Techniques (AIOU) Page 13 of 29 Page 14 of 29 Question 3 a). Given the following input-output table, calculate the gross output so as to meet the final demand of 200 units of Agriculture and 800 units of industry. The following data relates to the sales of 100 companies is given below: Consumer Sector Producer Sector Agriculture Industry Agriculture Industry Final Demand Total Output 300 400 600 1200 100 400 1000 2000 Marks: 10 b). Discriminate between the census and sampling methods of data collection and compare their merits and demerits. Why is the sampling method unavoidable in certain situations? Marks: 10 Page 14 of 29 Page 15 of 29 Solution: Page 15 of 29 Page 16 of 29 b). CENSUS Census is a complete enumeration of an entire population of statistical units in a field of interest. It is also called complete enumeration survey. For example, population census canvases every household in a country to count for the number of permanent residents and other characteristics; census of manufacturing canvases all establishments engaging in manufacturing activities. Data from the census serve as base-year or benchmark data. Requirement: A complete and up-to-date register of all statistical units in the field of inquiry is required. Advantages: Census provides the most reliable statistics if done professionally and with integrity. Disadvantages: Very costly to enumerate and to process data. Timeliness is low: data is available for use only many months, even years after. Census is normally carried every five or ten years. SAMPLING METHOD When the investigator studies only a representative part of the total population and makes inferences about the population on the basis of that study. It is known as sampling method or Survey. In both methods, the investigator is interested in studying some characteristics of the population. Advantages: Provide more up-to-date statistics, which are reliable if scientifically designed and professionally implemented, less costly than census. Sampling errors can also Page 16 of 29 Page 17 of 29 be obtained. Surveys are normally carried out weekly, monthly, quarterly or annually. Disadvantages: Timeliness requires prompt data processing, thus less information may be asked. SITUATIONS IN WHICH SAMPLING METHOD IS UNAVOIDABLE Sampling method is unavoidable in following situations Unlimited population Distractive population nature Unapproachable population e. g. Mobilink users In quality control, such as finding the tensile strength of a steel specimen by stretching it till it breaks. Another example is in process checking in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals where it is not possible to check the each and every tablet or injection. Secondly quality testing results in destruction of items itself. ******************************* Page 17 of 29 Page 18 of 29 Question 4 a). The following data relates to the sales of 100 companies is given below: Sales (Lakhs) 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 No. of Complaints 5 12 13 20 Sales (Lakhs) 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 No. of Complaints 18 15 10 7 Draw less than and more than ogives. Determine the number of companies whose sales are (i) less than Rs. 3 Lakhs (ii) more than Rs. 36 Lakhs and (iii) between Rs. 13 lakhs and Rs. 36 lakhs. Marks: 10 b). Briefly explain the following important concepts: i). Continuous Data ii). Discrete Data iii). Frequency Distribution iv). Qualitative Data v). Quantitative Data Marks: 10 Page 18 of 29 Page 19 of 29 a). OGIVE â€Å"An ogive is a specialized line graph which shows how many items there are whic h are below a certain value. † The horizontal axis shows the upper class boundaries marked on the scale, just like a histogram. The vertical axis shows the cumulative frequency, which is just a fancy name for a running total. Some line graphs are actually ogives. First we calculate the cumulative frequency. We start at 5. Next line: 5 + 12 = 17 Next line: 17 + 13 = 30 Next line: 30 + 20 = 50 and so on. Sales No. of X Companies (Lakhs) (f) 5-10 5 Less than 10 10-15 12 Less than 15 15-20 13 Less than 20 20-25 20 Less than 25 25-30 18 Less than 30 30-35 15 Less than 35 35-40 10 Less than 40 40-45 7 Less than 45 Cumulative Frequency 5 17 30 50 68 83 93 100 More than 5 More than 10 More than 15 More than 20 More than 25 More than 30 More than 35 More than 40 Decumulative Frequency 100 95 83 70 50 32 17 7 ). ii). iii). Less than Rs. 13 Lakhs = 12 companies 15 companies 73 companies (Graph I) (Graph II) (Graph I) More than Rs. 36 Lakhs = B/w 13 and 36 Lakhs = Page 19 of 29 Page 20 of 29 Page 20 of 29 Page 21 of 29 Page 21 of 29 Page 22 of 29 b). i). CONTINUOUS DATA Continuous data is information that can be measured on a continuum or scale. Continuous data can have almost any numeric value and can be meaningf ully subdivided into finer and finer increments, depending upon the precision of the measurement system. In contrast to discrete data like good or bad, off or on, etc. continuous data can be recorded at many different points (length, size, width, time, temperature, cost, etc. ). Lets say you are measuring the size of a marble. To be within specification, the marble must be at least 25mm but no bigger than 27mm. If you measure and simply count the number of marbles that are out of spec (good v/s bad) you are collecting attribute data. However, if you are actually measuring each marble and recording the size (i. e. 25. 2mm, 26. 1mm, 27. 5mm, etc) thats continuous data, and you actually get more information about what youre measuring from continuous data than from attribute data. Data can be continuous in the geometry or continuous in the range of values. The range of values for a particular data item has a minimum and a maximum value. Continuous data can be any value in between. ii). DISCRETE DATA Discrete data is information that can be categorized into a classification. Discrete data is based on counts. Only a finite number of values is possible, and the values cannot be subdivided meaningfully. For example, the number of parts damaged in shipment. Example . A 5 question quiz is given in a Math class. The number of correct answers on a students quiz is an example of discrete data. The number of correct answers would have to be one of the Page 22 of 29 Page 23 of 29 following: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. There are not an infinite number of values, therefore this data is discrete. Also, if we were to draw a number line and place each possible value on it, we would see a space between each pair of values. iii). FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Frequency distribution is a way of summarizing a set of data. It is a record of how often each value (or set of values) of the variable in question occurs. It may be enhanced by the addition of percentages that fall into each category. A frequency table is used to summarize categorical, nominal, and ordinal data. It may also be used to summarize continuous data once the data set has been divided up into sensible groups. Example Suppose that in thirty shots at a target, a marksman makes the following scores: 522344320303215 131552400454455 The frequencies of the different scores can be summarized as: Score 0 1 2 3 4 5 Frequency 4 3 5 5 6 7 Frequency (%) 13% 10% 17% 17% 20% 23% Page 23 of 29 Page 24 of 29 iv). QUALITATIVE DATA Qualitative data is extremely varied in nature. It includes virtually any information that can be captured that is not numerical in nature. Qualitative data are generally (but not always) of less value to scientific research than quantitative data, due to their subjective and intangible nature. It is possible to approximate quantitative data from qualitative data Qualitative methods are ways of collecting data which are concerned with describing meaning, rather than with drawing statistical inferences. What qualitative methods (e. g. case studies and interviews) lose on reliability they gain in terms of validity. They provide a more in depth and rich description. v). QUATITATIVE DATA Information that can be counted or expressed numerically. This type of data is often collected in experiments, manipulated and statistically analyzed. Quantitative data can be represented visually in graphs and charts. Quantitative methods are those which focus on numbers and frequencies rather than on meaning and experience. Quantitative methods (e. g. experiments, questionnaires and psychometric tests) provide information which is easy to analyze statistically and fairly reliable. Quantitative methods are associated with the scientific and experimental approach and are criticized for not providing an in depth description. Page 24 of 29 Page 25 of 29 Reference: stats. gla. ac. uk/ en. wikipedia. org www. isixsigma. com Page 25 of 29 Page 26 of 29 Question 5 a). What are the Quantiles? Explain and illustrate the concepts of Quartiles, deciles and Percentiles? Marks: 10 b). The geometric mean of 10 observations on a certain variable was calculated to be 16. 2. It was later discovered that one of the observations was wrongly recorded as 10. , when in fact it was 21. 9. Apply appropriate correction and calculate the correct geometric mean. Marks: 10 Page 26 of 29 Page 27 of 29 a). QUANTILE â€Å"Quantiles are points taken at regular intervals from the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a random variable† For example quantiles divide distribution into four parts. QUARTLE â€Å"A quartile is any of the three values which divide the sorted data set int o four equal parts, so that each part represents one fourth of the sampled population. † Each quartile contains 25% of the total observations. Generally, the data is ordered from smallest to largest with those observations falling below 25% of all the data analyzed allocated within the 1st quartile, observations falling between 25. 1% and 50% and allocated in the 2nd quartile, then the observations falling between 51% and 75% allocated in the 3rd quartile, and finally the remaining observations allocated in the 4th quartile. Its formula is: Quartiles where = l + h(2n/4 pcf) f l h f n pcf = lower class boundary of specific class = class interval = frequency of specific class = total frequecy i. . ? f = n = cumulative frequency of preceding class Page 27 of 29 Page 28 of 29 DECILES Any one of the numbers or values in a series dividing the distribution of the individuals in the series into ten groups of equal frequency. Since nine points divide the distribution into ten equal parts, we shall have nine deciles denoted by D1, D2, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. D9. The formula of decile is: Decile (DL) = where l + h(2n/10 pcf) f l h f n pcf PERCENTILES = lower class boundary of specific class = class interval = frequency of specific class = total frequecy i. . ? f = n = cumulative frequency of preceding class Those values which divide the total data into hundred equal parts are called percentiles. Since 99 points divide the distribution into hundred equal parts, we shall have 99 percentiles denoted by P1,P2, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P99. Its formula is: Percentile (Pi) where = l + h(2n/100 pcf) f l h f n pcf = lower class boundary of specific class = class interval = frequency of specific class = total frequecy i. e. ? f = n = cumulative frequency of preceding class Page 28 of 29 Page 29 of 29 b). Page 29 of 29