The Science of Magnetic Field Lines

A magnetic field surrounds any electric charge in motion. The magnetic field is continuous and invisible, but its strength and orientation may be represented by magnetic field lines. Ideally, magnetic field lines or magnetic flux lines show the strength and orientation of a magnetic field. The representation is useful because it gives people a way to view an invisible force and because mathematical laws of physics easily accommodate the number or density of field lines. Magnetic field lines are a visual representation of the invisible lines of force in a magnetic field.By convention, the lines trace the force from the north to south pole of a magnet.The distance between the lines indicates relative strength of the magnetic field. The closer the lines are, the stronger the magnetic field is.Iron filings and a compass may be used to trace the shape, strength, and direction of magnetic field lines. A magnetic field is a vector, which means it has magnitude and direction. If electric current flows in a straight line, the right hand rule shows the direction invisible magnetic field lines flow around a wire. If you imagine gripping the wire with your right hand with your thumb pointing in the direction of the current, the magnetic field travels in the direction of the fingers around the wire. But, what if you dont know the direction of current or simply want to visualize a magnetic field? How to See a Magnetic Field Like air, a magnetic field is invisible. You can view wind indirectly by throwing small bits of paper into the air. Similarly, placing bits of magnetic material in a magnetic field lets you trace its path. Easy methods include: Use a Compass A group of compasses can show the directions of magnetic field lines. Maciej Frolow / Getty Images Waving a single compass around a magnetic field shows the direction of the field lines. To actually map the magnetic field, placing many compasses indicates the direction of the magnetic field at any point. To draw magnetic field lines, connect the compass dots. The advantage of this method is that it shows the direction of magnetic field lines. The disadvantage is that it doesnt indicate magnetic field strength. Use Iron Filings or Magnetite Sand Iron is ferromagnetic. This means it aligns itself along magnetic field lines, forming tiny magnets with north and south poles. Tiny bits of iron, such as iron filings, align to form a detailed map of field lines because the north pole of one piece orients to repel the north pole of another piece and attract its south pole. But, you cant just sprinkle the filings onto a magnet because they are attracted to it and will stick to it rather than trace the magnetic field. To solve this problem, iron filings are sprinkled onto paper or plastic over a magnetic field. One technique used to disperse the filings is to sprinkle them onto the surface from a height of a few inches. More filings can be added to make the field lines more clear, but only up to a point. Alternatives to iron filings include steel BB pellets, tin-plated iron filings (which wont rust), small paper clips, staples, or magnetite sand. The advantage to using particles of iron, steel, or magnetite is that the particles form a detailed map of magnetic field lines. The map also gives a rough indication of magnetic field strength. Closely-spaced, dense lines occur where the field is strongest, while widely-separated, sparse lines show where it is weaker. The disadvantage of using iron filings is that theres no indication of magnetic field orientation. The easiest way to overcome this is to use a compass together with iron filings to map both orientation and direction. Try Magnetic Viewing Film Magnetic viewing film is a flexible plastic containing bubbles of fluid laced with tiny magnetic rods. The films appears darker or lighter depending on the orientation of the rods in a magnetic field. Magnetic viewing film works best mapping complex magnetic geometry, such as that produced by a flat refrigerator magnet. Natural Magnetic Field Lines The lines in the aurora follow Earths magnetic field lines. Oscar Bjarnason / Getty Images Magnetic field lines also appear in nature. During a total solar eclipse, the lines in the corona trace the Suns magnetic field. Back on Earth, the lines in an aurora indicate the path of the planets magnetic field. In both cases, the visible lines are glowing streams of charged particles. Magnetic Field Line Rules Using magnetic field lines to construct a map, some rules become apparent: Magnetic field lines never cross.Magnetic field lines are continuous. They form closed loops that continue all the way through a magnetic material.Magnetic field lines bunch together where the magnetic field is strongest. In other words, the density of field lines indicates magnetic field strength. If the field lines around a magnet are mapped, its strongest magnetic field is at either pole.Unless the magnetic field is mapped using a compass, the direction of the magnetic field may be unknown. By convention, direction is indicated by drawing arrowheads along magnetic field lines. In any magnetic field, the lines always flow from the north pole to the south pole. The names north and south are historical and may have no bearing on the geographical orientation of the magnetic field Source Durney, Carl H. and Curtis C. Johnson (1969). Introduction to Modern Electromagnetics. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-018388-9.Griffiths, David J. (2017). Introduction to Electrodynamics (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108357142.Newton, Henry Black and Harvey N. Davis (1913). Practical Physics. The MacMillan Co., USA.Tipler, Paul (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-0810-0.

Management Theories Of Management Theory - 2222 Words

Management Theories Evolution Management practice cannot exist without the support of a theory. The complex character of management as the scholarly discipline, the variety of opinions concerning the essence and content of management theory, require systematizing knowledge about this phenomenon. Management theory is a relatively new science since its systematic development and academic research has started mostly in the 20th century. Although it is difficult to name the most important theories and principles of management developed throughout all the history of management theory, since such views can be quite subjective, basing on the research it is possible to point out the ones that made the most considerable contribution to its development. This essay will tackle some of the key management milestones and point out their peculiarities, importance, and possible limitations. Evolution of Management Theory: Five Important Milestones In the 20th century, the science of management emerged and evolved due to the necessity to solve practical problems in the sphere of production, therefore, there was an active study of elective forms and methods of management, and the profession of a manager became a separate activity requiring corresponding skills and knowledge. Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management Frederick Winslow Taylor can be called the founder of the science of social management, with his fundamental work â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management†. At that time,Show MoreRelatedTerror Management Theory1289 Words   |  6 Pagesboth humans and animals, the understanding of one’s own mortality is uniquely human. How do we, as humans, deal with the terror that is associated with this knowledge? According to Terror Management Theory (TMT), developed by Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, and Tom Pyszczynski (1989), the need for â€Å"terror management† is a fundamental function possessed by humans and cultural systems. Based on the writings of anthropologist Ernest Becker and inspired by Freud’s work on how death provokes belief in mysticalRead More Terror Management Theory Essay example905 Words   |  4 PagesTerror management theory (TMT) asserts that human beings have natural tendency for self-preservation if there is threat to one’s we ll–being (Greenberg, Solomon, Pyszczynski, 1997). It notes that we are the cultural animals that pose self-awareness on the concept of past and future, as well as the understanding that one day we will die. We concern about our life and death but aware that it is unexpected by everything. The worse matter is that we become aware of our vulnerability and helplessnessRead MoreManagement Theory And Management Theories1254 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of developing the management theories is to bring out better ways to manage people. According to Aguinaldo Powell (2002), management theory evolves con-stantly with the continuous stream of new ideas that come from the attempts to transform theory into practice, and vice versa. As essential personnel identify promising methods that assist in managing responsibilities, it will lead to management theories progressing. This paper will il-lustrate how management theories have emerged over theRead MoreManagement Theory And Mana gement Theories1272 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of developing the management theories is to bring out better ways to manage people. According to Aguinaldo Powell (2002), management theory evolves con-stantly with the continuous stream of new ideas that come from the attempts to transform theory into practice, and vice versa. As essential personnel identify promising methods that assist in managing responsibilities, it will lead to management theories progressing. This paper will il-lustrate how management theories have emerged over theRead MoreManagement Theories And Management Theory1003 Words   |  5 PagesManagement Theories Management theory can be used in many organizations when starting out a business. It addresses how managers and leaders relate to their organization in the knowledge of their goals. It implements on how to set the goals and motivate their employees to perform in a high standard. Management theory consist of three important aspects operation strategy, innovation management and process management. Operation Strategy is to maximize the effectiveness of the whole production, butRead MoreThe Theory Of Management Theory Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesconnecting readings for a theory of management from the theories of management course with the readings for a theory of leadership from leadership assessment and development course in that they have combined into one; an institutional theory of leadership. This integration of the two in a natural combination does argue and support the connections of varying fundamental aspects of leadership with institutional theory. The paper will explore and explain an institutional theory of leadership and how itRead MoreThe Theory Of Management And Management1690 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Management is one of the remarkable activities within human society began with a group or to an larger organization that are able to accomplish a same goals and objectives, by defining what is management and how is important to human being society many management theorists have produces (many models that can be used for successful organization change and winners respond to the past and complexity of change and adapt learn and act quickly (Mildred,G. Sonia T. 2008 ) different theories or viewsRead MoreThe Contingency Management Theory And Management Theories1164 Words   |  5 Pagesof management, understand different management theories and to apply them appropriately depending on the organization, the mission and the situation. Flexibility is one of the greatest traits a manager can possess in an extremely competitive market. One management theory that subscribes to flexibility is the contingency management theory. Adaptability is crucial in today’s business environment, especially for organizations trying to remain significant in global industries. All management theoriesRead MoreThe Theory Of Management And The Scientific Management Theory Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of management date back to the beginning of times. Every aspect of life contains some form of management. From managing oneself, to managing employees, to managing an entire corporation, management is a key part of life. Over time different theories have been developed and have evolved. Some of the first theories ever explored include the administrative management theory and the scientific management theory. While both of these theories were studied in depth, I believe that one of the greatestRead MoreEvolution Of Management Theory And Management Theories2135 Words   |  9 PagesEvolution of Management Theory Jamal Roberts Pasco Hernando State College Evolution of Management Theory In reality, every person in a management position handles the way that they do their job differently. Management is one of the most important parts of an organization, if not the most important. However, the development of management in organizations has changed dramatically from the late eighteenth century to now. In the eighteenth century, managers relied on power and setting strict

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

Question: Discuss about the Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Answer: Introduction: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is described as a rare disorder which is autosomal dominant. It can occur in any individual with the traits coming from both mother and father. In this disorder, the patient suffers from symptoms of heterotropic ossification which results in the formation of bones in the subject muscles and also in the connective tissues like tendons and ligaments. These result in prevention of smooth movements and inability to move properly (1). Along with the occurrence of heterotropic ossification, the patient also suffers from congenital malformation of his big toes. Statistical analysis has shown the presence of such disorder in 2 of a million individuals at births. Researchers are of the opinion that phenotype of this disorder is mainly linked with the markers present at the chromosome number 4. They say that disorder is mainly the reason of a particular kind of gene mutation which in turn result in the over expression of a particular type of protein called the bone morphogenetic protein other researchers have shed more light on the real genetic science behind the cause of the disease. They say that FOP can have a linkage with the chromosomal region of 2q2324. They have suggested that recurrent mutation in the particular gene that encodes the activin. A receptor called the type 1 or ACRV1 is the BMP type 1 receptor that mainly acts as the contributing factor for the disorder. BMP signalling, by acting on tetrameroc receptor complex provides signal through . this causes mesenchymal stem cell differentiation by converging at Runx2 transcription factors that prmote osteoblast differentiation and hence results in bone formation. This gene called AC RV1 is also called the activin like kinase 2 or the ALK 2 and its identification have given a huge expectation to the scientists in order to create a successful therapeutic strategy for the prevention of the disease. Moreover it would also help in early identification of the disorder as it acts as a reliable confirmatory diagnosis before the onset of any appearance of ectopic ossification. Moreover, ample researchers have been conducted which have proved that congenital great toe malformation along with the progressive swelling of different soft tissues in the body can clearly act as symptoms for genetic testing and consultation (2). Proper identification of the disorder in the primary stages can thereby inhibit the application of unnecessary therapeutic interventions which instead of curing the disorder may result in permanent damage. Moreover, correct identification of genes and their mutation resulting in such disorder and also of the various symptoms that it shows, scientists ar e now interested in development of different therapeutic agents that will tend to block the overactive behaviour of the ACVR1/ALK2 signalling (3). They are therefore very much hopeful that the therapies will help to prevent the progression of the disease. The next important thing that needs to be discussed herein is the contributing factors that result in the occurrence of such type of mutations in the genetic constitution. Both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the occurrence of different symptoms that associate with the disorder. Different genetic determinants have been responsible for influencing the phenotype of the child mainly during the prenatal development. On the other hand, different environmental factors have been seen to influence the phenotype of child in the post natal development mainly during the progression of heterotrophic ossification. This can be very well established from the experiments that were conducted in the three pairs of monozygotic twins. It was observed in each pair of twins that malformation of the congenital toe in both the individuals in each pair was highly identical. However it also showed that when they were differentially exposed to different environments, both the individual o f each pair showed different progression to postnatal heterotropic ossification. Researchers noted that the later varied greatly due to different life history and also to different limits of environmental exposure like various soft tissue traumas and also due to different exposure to viral illnesses (4). Therapeutic treatments are still under research which aims to prevent the occurrence of the symptoms at the genetic level. However, in the present situation there is no such treatment for this disorder because researchers have not been able to establish the effectiveness of ACTH, calcium binding agents and glucorticoids in this context. Researchers have stated that they believe Sodium etidronate can be helpful in preventing the formation of ectopic bone after surgical procedures. Moreover researches are also conducted in order to establish a proper treatment method by the usage of the inferno alpha, endostatin, angiostatin and also on thalidomide (5). From the entire discussion above, one can reach a conclusion that FOP is a rare disorder which disables an individual to perform smooth movements and hampers quality life. No fruitful treatments have been established which can cure the diseases or stop its progression. Therefore it becomes extremely important to educate healthcare professionals, patients and their families about the significance of early diagnosis of the symptoms and opt for prevention of trauma to save oneself from acute distress and disability in movements. References: Shore EM, Kaplan FS. BMP Signaling in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, a Rare Genetic Disorder of Heterotopic Ossification. InBone Morphogenetic Proteins: Systems Biology Regulators 2017 (pp. 327-343). Springer International Publishing. Shulman, R., Ellis, J., Shore, E., Kaplan, F. S., Badell, M. (2015). Maternal Genetic Skeletal Disorders: Lessons Learned From Cases of Maternal Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.Journal of Clinical Gynecology and Obstetrics,4(1), 184-187. Hatsell, S. J., Idone, V., Wolken, D. M. A., Huang, L., Kim, H. J., Wang, L., ... Das, N. (2015). ACVR1R206H receptor mutation causes fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva by imparting responsiveness to activin A.Science translational medicine,7(303), 303ra137-303ra137. Morales-Piga A, Kaplan FS. Osteochondral diseases and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. InRare diseases epidemiology 2010 (pp. 335-348). Springer Netherlands. Rashid U, Bari A, Maqsood A, Naz S, Ahmad TM. Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan: JCPSP. 2016 Feb 1;26(2):154-5.

Leadership Styles Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher

Currently, our societies are in need of visionary and inspiring leaders. For the world to overcome its current challenges such as economic chaos, terrorism, and social injustices, the world leaders should motivate people through actions rather than words.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Styles: Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that the world leaders should not only strive to meet the needs of their people, but also strive to be beacons of hope in their societies by enhancing justice, fairness, caring for the less fortunate and allowing love to flourish within our societies. The need for transformational leadership in our governments and institutions is evident from the current leadership wrangles. In our business organizations, increases in staff turnover cases imply that our institutions are in need of transformational leaders. In history, Nelson Mande la is viewed as a transformational leader. Unlike other historical leaders, when Mandela was the President of South Africa he treated all genders, races, tribes, and ages equally. When he was the president, he managed to unite his country, which was once considered the most polarized country in the world during the apartheid. On the other hand, Margaret Thatcher is considered one of the best female leaders who portrayed transactional leadership skills in Britain’s history. Nelson Mandela Before South Africa attained its independence, Mandela was one of the black South Africans who were championing for the country’s independence from the British colonials. His transformational leadership style was evident way back when he was the leader of a freedom movement fighting to end apartheid in South Africa (Lodge 2006, p. 3). Notably, as a leader of a freedom movement Mandela aimed at championing for an equal society where people could be treated fairly regardless of their rac e, colour, religion, or nationality. During the apartheid, the white South Africans were undermining the black and the coloured South Africans in every sector.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To put an end to these injustices, Mandela and his fellow friends risked their lives for the benefit of all by campaigning for equality in their societies. For several years, Mandela managed to escape traps from British authorities who were determined to arrest him for his actions. When Mandela was finally captured and imprisoned by the British soldiers, he never stopped campaigning for justice in the South African society. His transformational leadership was tested during one of his trials. During this trial, Mandela never denied the charges he was accused of despite knowing that if he was going to be found guilty he was going to be sentenced to death. These acts prove that he was comm itted to ending injustices in South African society no matter the cost. When Mandela was finally released from prison, he became the president of South Africa in the year 1994. After becoming the president, several white government officials who had worked for the previous regime were expecting to be replaced from their offices. To their surprise, Mandela never replaced them. Instead, Mandela worked with these officials amicably regardless of their past political positions. Even though the whites had mistreated the blacks and the coloured by offering them limited opportunities during the apartheid, Mandela’s administration choose to treat every South African equally regardless of their past. By these acts, his leadership inspired several South Africans on the need to have a just society where everyone could be treated equally. Similarly, during his presidency Mandela was able to inspire several South African athletes and footballers. For instance, when a South African boxer b y the name Matlala defeated an American Boxer he found time to visit the boxer in his home and congratulated him. After the visit, the boxer was inspired and determined to win every match in honour of Mandela.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Styles: Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During one of the international matches where South Africa was preparing to play against an international team, Mandela walked into the changing room wearing a jersey similar to one of the footballers named Mark. In the dressing room, Mandela exchanged his jersey with the player. During and after the match, the player was impressed knowing that his fascinating skills had caught the attention of Mandela. Through these acts, Mandela proved to be a transformational leader. Margaret Thatcher Before her resignation, Margaret Thatcher leadership style offered numerous people with valuable less ons in power and management (Thatcher Dale 2010, p. 4). During her leadership, Thatcher proved that indeed she was a transactional leader. Just like Britain’s greatest industrial leaders such as Collins Marshall and John Harvey Jones, Thatcher brought radical economical changes in Britain through her effective managerial skills (Eagly Carli 2007, p. 67). It is alleged that when she was in power all Thatcher ever wanted was to restore British former power in the world dominance. In general, through her leadership Thatcher managed to tackle economic stagnation issues, unemployment, and inflation issues. She managed to achieve these by transforming business institutions towards greater competitiveness, production, and technological advancement. As a transactional leader, Thatcher was not after changing Britain’s future but rather keeping it the way it were. Since her early political career in the early 1950s, Thatcher had always been a conservative politician. As a cons ervative, she opposed several laws that she deemed as contradicting the society values. For instance, in the year 1964 she represented her conservative party in urging the government to allow the tenants to purchase the council houses. Her conservatism became notable when she supported the Leo Abse’s Bill. This bill was meant to criminalize homosexuality within British territories.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, during the year 1966 she represented her party in opposing the labour laws that were meant to control prices and incomes. According to her arguments, these laws were going to destroy the country’s economy. Likewise, during the year 1966 she opposed the government’s high-tax plans. Thatcher argued that lower taxes were the only incentives that could be offered to workers for them to work hard. As such, she believed that high-tax plans were communistic ideas rather than socialistic ideas. When she became the prime minister in the year 1979, her transactional leadership skills became eminent. She was a strict supervisor and stressed on the significance of group performance. Notably, she became determined to reduce the power vested upon the trade unions. She believed that trade unions posed great risks to a country’s democracy and economy. To reduce their power, Thatcher introduced a legislation, which was meant to regulate the trade unions. Out of these initiatives, several industrial strikes were witnessed across Britain. Her strictness on performance was witnessed when she closed down more than 20 state-owned mines owing to their poor performance. Owing to this, several mineworkers lost their jobs leading to national strikes. During the strikes, Thatcher refused to be undermined by the trade union leaders. In the year 1982, she declared that strikes were prohibited in Britain. Later on, Thatcher resigned as a prime minister when her policies and transactional leadership skills became obsolete. Through her leadership styles, Thatcher was able to motivate several women leaders. Before her premiership, women were considered ineffective for such post. However, when she ascended to power several women became convinced that they could achieve the same status in the community just like their male counterparts. In history, Thatcher will always be remembered for her exceptional leadership skills, which enabled her to conquer and rule the male dominated field (Billing 2011, p. 15). Conclusion Based on the above analysis, it is evident that transformational leadership style is an ideal leadership trait as compared to transactional leadership style. Mandela managed to inspire and uplift the livelihoods of several individuals in South Africa and the world at large through his transformational leadership style. As opposed to Thatcher, Mandela made peace with his enemies regardless of the political past. This was evident from the way he treated the white South Africans before and after he ascended to power in the year 1994. On the other hand, Thatcher made several enemies through her transactional leadership style. For instance, throughout her tenure as Britain’s prime minister she always differed with the labour unions. Equally, as a prime minister she closed down several state-owned mines which were performing poorly. Through this move, several individuals lost their jobs adding to the number of her enemies. As e vident from the two leaders, transformational leadership styles are admirable rather than transactional leadership styles because they allow executives to keep in touch with their followers (Rosener 1990, p. 124). References Billing, Y 2011, ‘Are Women in Management Victims of the Phantom of the Male Norm?’, Gender, Work and Organization, vol. 18 no. 3, pp. 1-20. Eagly, A., Carli, L 2007, ‘Women and the labyrinth of leadership’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 85 no.9, pp. 63-71. Lodge, T 2006. Mandela: a critical life, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Rosener, J 1990, ‘The command-and-control leadership style associated with men is not the only way to succeed’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 12 no.2, pp. 119 125. Thatcher, M., Dale, I 2010, Margaret Thatcher in her own words, Biteback, London. This essay on Leadership Styles: Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher was written and submitted by user Juan Sutton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.