Quantitative Techniques Essays

Quantitative Techniques Essays Quantitative Techniques Essay Quantitative Techniques Essay Explain the use of Quantitative Techniques in Business and Management? Marks: 10 b). What are limitations of Statistics? Marks: 10 Page 2 of 29 Page 3 of 29 a). QUATITATIVE TECHNIQUES Quantitative techniques refers to the group of statistical and operations research techniques. All these techniques require preliminary knowledge of certain topics in mathematics. Quantitative Techniques Statistical Techniques Techniques Operations Research USE OF QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES IN BUSINESS AND MANAGMENT Due to increasing complexity in business and industry, decision making based on intuition has become highly questionable especially when the decision involves the choice among several courses of action each of which can achieve several management actions. So there is need for training the people who can manage a system efficiently and creatively. Quantitative Techniques now have a major role in effective decision making in various functional areas of management i. e. marketing, finance, production and personnel. These techniques are also widely used in planning, transportation, public health, communication, military, agriculture etc. Quantitative techniques are also used extensively as an aid in business decision making. Some of the areas where quantitative techniques can be used are: Page 3 of 29 Page 4 of 29 MANAGEMENT i). Marketing Analysis of marketing research information Statistical records for building and maintaining an extensive market Sales forecasting iii). iv). ECONOMICS Measurement of gross national product and input-output analysis Determination of business cycle, long term growth and seasonal fluctuations Comparison of market prices, cost and profits of individual firms Analysis of population, land economies and economic geography Page 4 of 29 ii). Production Production planning, control and analysis Evaluation of machine performance Quality control requirement (to analyze the data/trends) Inventory control measures Finance, Accounting and Investment Financial forecast, budget preparation Financial investment decisions Selection of securities Auditing function Credit policies, credit risk and delinquent accounts Personnel Labour turn over rate Employment trends Performance appraisal Wage rates and incentive plans Page 5 of 29 Operational studies of public utilities Formulation of appropriate economic policies and evaluation of their effect RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT Development of new product lines Optimal use of resources Evaluation of existing products NATURAL SCIENCE Diagnosis of disease based on data like temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure etc. Judging the efficiency of a particular drug for curing a certain disease Study of plant life In the competitive and dynamic business world, firms/companies who likes to succee d and survive are those which are capable of maximizing the use of tools of management like quantitative techniques. ) LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS Statistics with all its wide application in every sphere of human activity has its own limitations. Some of them are given below. 1. STATISTICS IS NOT SUITABLE TO THE STUDY OF QUALITATIVE PHENOMENON: Since statistics is basically a science and deals with a set of numerical data, it is applicable to the study of only these subjects of enquiry, which can be expressed in terms of quantitative measurements. As a matter of fact, qualitative phenomenon like honesty, poverty, beauty, intelligence etc, cannot be expressed numerically and any Page 5 of 29 Page 6 of 29 statistical analysis cannot be directly applied on these qualitative phenomenons. Nevertheless, statistical techniques may be applied indirectly by first reducing the qualitative expressions to accurate quantitative terms. For example, the intelligence of a group of students can be studied on the basis of their marks in a particular examination. 2. STATISTICS DOES NOT STUDY INDIVIDUALS: Statistics does not give any specific importance to the individual items; in fact it deals with an aggregate of objects. Individual items, when they are taken individually do not constitute any statistical data and do not serve any purpose for any statistical enquiry. 3. STATISTICAL LAWS ARE NOT EXACT: It is well known that mathematical and physical sciences are exact. But statistical laws are not exact and statistical laws are only approximations. Statistical conclusions are not universally true. They are true only on an average. 4. STATISTICS TABLE MAY BE MISUSED: Statistics must be used only by experts; otherwise, statistical methods are the most dangerous tools on the hands of the inexpert. The use of statistical tools by the inexperienced and untraced persons might lead to wrong conclusions. Statistics can be easily misused by quoting wrong figures of data. 5. STATISTICS IS ONLY, ONE OF THE METHODS OF STUDYING A PROBLEM: Statistical method do not provide complete solution of the problems because problems are to be studied taking the background of the countries culture, philosophy or religion into consideration. Thus the statistical study should be supplemented by other evidences. References: www. textbooksonline. tn. nic. in/ Page 6 of 29 Page 7 of 29 Question 2 ). Different types of functions are introduced and used in CACULUS, briefly explain them? Marks: 10 b). Graph and find domain of f(x) = 22 if x lt; 0 if x gt; 0 Marks: 10 3x + 1 Page 7 of 29 Page 8 of 29 a). TYPES OF FUNCTION Different types of functions that are introduced and used in calculus are: i). ii). iii). iv). v). vi). i). Linear Function Polynomial Function Absolute Value Function Inverse Function Ste p Function Algebraic Function LINEAR FUNCTION A linear function is one in which the power of independent variable is 1, it is also called single variable function. The general expression of linear function having only one independent variable is: y = f(x) = a + bx where a and b are given real numbers and x is an independent variable taking all numerical values in an interval. Single variable function can be linear and non-linear, for example y = and y = 2 + 3x – 52 + x2 (non-linear single variable function) 3 + 2x (Linear single variable function) Page 8 of 29 Page 9 of 29 A linear function with one variable can always be graphed in a two dimensional plane. This graph can always be plotted by giving different values to x and calculating corresponding values of y. The graph of such functions is always a straight line. ii). POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION Polynomial functions are functions with x as an input variable, made up of several terms, each term is made up of two factors, the first being a real number coefficient, and the second being x raised to some non-negative integer power. Polynomial functions are functions that have this form: y = f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + + a1x1 + a0 The value of n must be a nonnegative integer. That is, it must be whole number; it is equal to zero or a positive integer. an, an-1, , a1, a0 are called coefficients. These are real numbers. The degree of the polynomial function is the highest value for n where an is not equal to 0. If n = 1, then the polynomial function is of degree 1 and is called a linear function and if n = 2 then the polynomial function is of degree 2 and is called quadratic function and usually written as: y = iii). ax2 + bx + c ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION The absolute value function is the real-valued function defined as follows. =  ¦x  ¦ Where  ¦x  ¦ is known as magnitude or absolute value of x. By absolute value means that whether x is positive or negative, its Page 9 of 29 Page 10 of 29 absolute value will remain positive. For example  ¦7  ¦= 7 and  ¦-6  ¦ = 6. The graph of given function is like this: iv). INVERSE FUNCTION Take the function y = f(x). Then the value of y can be uniquely determined for given values of x as per the functiona l relationship. . Sometimes it is required to consider x as a of y, so that for given values of y, the values of x can be determined as per the functional relationship. This is called the inverse function and is also donated by x = f -1 (y). For example consider the linear function: y= ax + b Expressing this in terms of x, we get x = = y b /a y/a b/a = cy – d where c = 1/a, and d = b/a This is also a linear function and is denoted by x = f -1 (y). v). STEP FUNCTION For different values of an independent variable x in an interval, the dependant variable y = f(x) takes a constant value, but takes Page 10 of 29 Page 11 of 29 different values in different intervals. In such cases the given function y = f(x) is called a step function. i). ALGEBRAIC TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS Functions can also be classified with respect to the mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers and roots) involved in the functional relationship between dependant variable and independent variables. When only finite number of terms are involved in a functional relationship and variables are affected only by the mathematical operations, then the function is called an algebraic function otherwise transcendental function. The following functions are algebraic functions of x. ). ii). iii). y = 23 + 52 3x + 9 y = vx + 1/x2 Y = x3 1/ vx + 2 The subclasses of transcendental functions are: i). ii). b). Exponential Function Logarithmic Function DOMAIN: Domain consists of all real numbers except zero. Now consider f (x) = 22 where x lt; 0 Supposed the values of x are -1, -3, -5, then Page 11 of 29 Page 12 of 29 f (-1) = 2(-1)2 = 2 f(-3) = 2(-3)2 = 18 f(-5) = 2(-5)2 = 50 Its graph is as follows; f (x) = 22 60 50 40 Y-Axis 30 20 10 0 -6 -5 -4 -3 X-Axis -2 -1 Now consider f (x) = 3x + 1 if x gt; 0 Suppose value of x are 1, 3, 5, so f (1) = f (3) = f (5) = 3(1) + 1 3(3) + 1 3(5) + 1 = = = 4 10 16 Its graph will be as follows; Page 12 of 29 Page 13 of 29 f (x) = 3x + 1 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 1 Y-Axis 6 5 4 X-Axis 3 Reference: themathpage. com http://oregonstate. edu Quantitative Techniques (AIOU) Page 13 of 29 Page 14 of 29 Question 3 a). Given the following input-output table, calculate the gross output so as to meet the final demand of 200 units of Agriculture and 800 units of industry. The following data relates to the sales of 100 companies is given below: Consumer Sector Producer Sector Agriculture Industry Agriculture Industry Final Demand Total Output 300 400 600 1200 100 400 1000 2000 Marks: 10 b). Discriminate between the census and sampling methods of data collection and compare their merits and demerits. Why is the sampling method unavoidable in certain situations? Marks: 10 Page 14 of 29 Page 15 of 29 Solution: Page 15 of 29 Page 16 of 29 b). CENSUS Census is a complete enumeration of an entire population of statistical units in a field of interest. It is also called complete enumeration survey. For example, population census canvases every household in a country to count for the number of permanent residents and other characteristics; census of manufacturing canvases all establishments engaging in manufacturing activities. Data from the census serve as base-year or benchmark data. Requirement: A complete and up-to-date register of all statistical units in the field of inquiry is required. Advantages: Census provides the most reliable statistics if done professionally and with integrity. Disadvantages: Very costly to enumerate and to process data. Timeliness is low: data is available for use only many months, even years after. Census is normally carried every five or ten years. SAMPLING METHOD When the investigator studies only a representative part of the total population and makes inferences about the population on the basis of that study. It is known as sampling method or Survey. In both methods, the investigator is interested in studying some characteristics of the population. Advantages: Provide more up-to-date statistics, which are reliable if scientifically designed and professionally implemented, less costly than census. Sampling errors can also Page 16 of 29 Page 17 of 29 be obtained. Surveys are normally carried out weekly, monthly, quarterly or annually. Disadvantages: Timeliness requires prompt data processing, thus less information may be asked. SITUATIONS IN WHICH SAMPLING METHOD IS UNAVOIDABLE Sampling method is unavoidable in following situations Unlimited population Distractive population nature Unapproachable population e. g. Mobilink users In quality control, such as finding the tensile strength of a steel specimen by stretching it till it breaks. Another example is in process checking in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals where it is not possible to check the each and every tablet or injection. Secondly quality testing results in destruction of items itself. ******************************* Page 17 of 29 Page 18 of 29 Question 4 a). The following data relates to the sales of 100 companies is given below: Sales (Lakhs) 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 No. of Complaints 5 12 13 20 Sales (Lakhs) 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 No. of Complaints 18 15 10 7 Draw less than and more than ogives. Determine the number of companies whose sales are (i) less than Rs. 3 Lakhs (ii) more than Rs. 36 Lakhs and (iii) between Rs. 13 lakhs and Rs. 36 lakhs. Marks: 10 b). Briefly explain the following important concepts: i). Continuous Data ii). Discrete Data iii). Frequency Distribution iv). Qualitative Data v). Quantitative Data Marks: 10 Page 18 of 29 Page 19 of 29 a). OGIVE â€Å"An ogive is a specialized line graph which shows how many items there are whic h are below a certain value. † The horizontal axis shows the upper class boundaries marked on the scale, just like a histogram. The vertical axis shows the cumulative frequency, which is just a fancy name for a running total. Some line graphs are actually ogives. First we calculate the cumulative frequency. We start at 5. Next line: 5 + 12 = 17 Next line: 17 + 13 = 30 Next line: 30 + 20 = 50 and so on. Sales No. of X Companies (Lakhs) (f) 5-10 5 Less than 10 10-15 12 Less than 15 15-20 13 Less than 20 20-25 20 Less than 25 25-30 18 Less than 30 30-35 15 Less than 35 35-40 10 Less than 40 40-45 7 Less than 45 Cumulative Frequency 5 17 30 50 68 83 93 100 More than 5 More than 10 More than 15 More than 20 More than 25 More than 30 More than 35 More than 40 Decumulative Frequency 100 95 83 70 50 32 17 7 ). ii). iii). Less than Rs. 13 Lakhs = 12 companies 15 companies 73 companies (Graph I) (Graph II) (Graph I) More than Rs. 36 Lakhs = B/w 13 and 36 Lakhs = Page 19 of 29 Page 20 of 29 Page 20 of 29 Page 21 of 29 Page 21 of 29 Page 22 of 29 b). i). CONTINUOUS DATA Continuous data is information that can be measured on a continuum or scale. Continuous data can have almost any numeric value and can be meaningf ully subdivided into finer and finer increments, depending upon the precision of the measurement system. In contrast to discrete data like good or bad, off or on, etc. continuous data can be recorded at many different points (length, size, width, time, temperature, cost, etc. ). Lets say you are measuring the size of a marble. To be within specification, the marble must be at least 25mm but no bigger than 27mm. If you measure and simply count the number of marbles that are out of spec (good v/s bad) you are collecting attribute data. However, if you are actually measuring each marble and recording the size (i. e. 25. 2mm, 26. 1mm, 27. 5mm, etc) thats continuous data, and you actually get more information about what youre measuring from continuous data than from attribute data. Data can be continuous in the geometry or continuous in the range of values. The range of values for a particular data item has a minimum and a maximum value. Continuous data can be any value in between. ii). DISCRETE DATA Discrete data is information that can be categorized into a classification. Discrete data is based on counts. Only a finite number of values is possible, and the values cannot be subdivided meaningfully. For example, the number of parts damaged in shipment. Example . A 5 question quiz is given in a Math class. The number of correct answers on a students quiz is an example of discrete data. The number of correct answers would have to be one of the Page 22 of 29 Page 23 of 29 following: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. There are not an infinite number of values, therefore this data is discrete. Also, if we were to draw a number line and place each possible value on it, we would see a space between each pair of values. iii). FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Frequency distribution is a way of summarizing a set of data. It is a record of how often each value (or set of values) of the variable in question occurs. It may be enhanced by the addition of percentages that fall into each category. A frequency table is used to summarize categorical, nominal, and ordinal data. It may also be used to summarize continuous data once the data set has been divided up into sensible groups. Example Suppose that in thirty shots at a target, a marksman makes the following scores: 522344320303215 131552400454455 The frequencies of the different scores can be summarized as: Score 0 1 2 3 4 5 Frequency 4 3 5 5 6 7 Frequency (%) 13% 10% 17% 17% 20% 23% Page 23 of 29 Page 24 of 29 iv). QUALITATIVE DATA Qualitative data is extremely varied in nature. It includes virtually any information that can be captured that is not numerical in nature. Qualitative data are generally (but not always) of less value to scientific research than quantitative data, due to their subjective and intangible nature. It is possible to approximate quantitative data from qualitative data Qualitative methods are ways of collecting data which are concerned with describing meaning, rather than with drawing statistical inferences. What qualitative methods (e. g. case studies and interviews) lose on reliability they gain in terms of validity. They provide a more in depth and rich description. v). QUATITATIVE DATA Information that can be counted or expressed numerically. This type of data is often collected in experiments, manipulated and statistically analyzed. Quantitative data can be represented visually in graphs and charts. Quantitative methods are those which focus on numbers and frequencies rather than on meaning and experience. Quantitative methods (e. g. experiments, questionnaires and psychometric tests) provide information which is easy to analyze statistically and fairly reliable. Quantitative methods are associated with the scientific and experimental approach and are criticized for not providing an in depth description. Page 24 of 29 Page 25 of 29 Reference: stats. gla. ac. uk/ en. wikipedia. org www. isixsigma. com Page 25 of 29 Page 26 of 29 Question 5 a). What are the Quantiles? Explain and illustrate the concepts of Quartiles, deciles and Percentiles? Marks: 10 b). The geometric mean of 10 observations on a certain variable was calculated to be 16. 2. It was later discovered that one of the observations was wrongly recorded as 10. , when in fact it was 21. 9. Apply appropriate correction and calculate the correct geometric mean. Marks: 10 Page 26 of 29 Page 27 of 29 a). QUANTILE â€Å"Quantiles are points taken at regular intervals from the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a random variable† For example quantiles divide distribution into four parts. QUARTLE â€Å"A quartile is any of the three values which divide the sorted data set int o four equal parts, so that each part represents one fourth of the sampled population. † Each quartile contains 25% of the total observations. Generally, the data is ordered from smallest to largest with those observations falling below 25% of all the data analyzed allocated within the 1st quartile, observations falling between 25. 1% and 50% and allocated in the 2nd quartile, then the observations falling between 51% and 75% allocated in the 3rd quartile, and finally the remaining observations allocated in the 4th quartile. Its formula is: Quartiles where = l + h(2n/4 pcf) f l h f n pcf = lower class boundary of specific class = class interval = frequency of specific class = total frequecy i. . ? f = n = cumulative frequency of preceding class Page 27 of 29 Page 28 of 29 DECILES Any one of the numbers or values in a series dividing the distribution of the individuals in the series into ten groups of equal frequency. Since nine points divide the distribution into ten equal parts, we shall have nine deciles denoted by D1, D2, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. D9. The formula of decile is: Decile (DL) = where l + h(2n/10 pcf) f l h f n pcf PERCENTILES = lower class boundary of specific class = class interval = frequency of specific class = total frequecy i. . ? f = n = cumulative frequency of preceding class Those values which divide the total data into hundred equal parts are called percentiles. Since 99 points divide the distribution into hundred equal parts, we shall have 99 percentiles denoted by P1,P2, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P99. Its formula is: Percentile (Pi) where = l + h(2n/100 pcf) f l h f n pcf = lower class boundary of specific class = class interval = frequency of specific class = total frequecy i. e. ? f = n = cumulative frequency of preceding class Page 28 of 29 Page 29 of 29 b). Page 29 of 29

Environmental Microbiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Microbiology - Essay Example Presence of a fecal Coli form is the best method of determining fecal material presence in drinking water (Burdon, 1968). This indicates whether there are pathogens presence in that given water due to the harm they cause after consumption (Burdon, 1968). Presence of fecal material in water is also harmful to the environment (Burdon, 1968). It is able to produce accurate results thus leading to a faster action taking on the problem before a massive complication (Burdon, 1968). Some of microorganisms present in foods are not usually harmful (Booth, 2000). Foods prepared by the aid of them include, bread, cheese, yoghurt, fermented foods, and malted drinks such as beer (Booth, 2000). These foods would be probably present in that given party. They are quite healthy and nutritious (Booth, 2000). A Beefsteak wrapped at the grocery may contain several microorganisms that are harmful to the body depending on the handling (Burdon, 1968). A grocery is not a clean place for meat handling. Ground beef microbial levels are determined via the packaging method (Burdon, 1968). If packed well, there is less microbial infection (Burdon, 1968). A pork chop in the grocery store may contain a high level of microbial content due to it is storage (Burdon, 1968). A chicken breast in the grocery will also contain a high level of microbial content (Burdon, 1968). A side of beef aging in a slaughterhouse may containing a little microbial content due to the aging but the storage is quite correct (Burdon,

An Opinion towards the Ideal Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

An Opinion towards the Ideal Government - Essay Example The essay "An Opinion towards the Ideal Government" describes what the ideal government could be since the success or the defeat of a nation depends on how it is being governed. Though there is no specific pattern or a proven theory as to what political structure is the skeleton of an ideal government. An ideal government would somewhat be patterned to the Democratic Socialism political structure. It would be more of getting the better aspects of the 2 political structures with the aim that the principles of the 2 would be intertwined to attain the success of one. The people in the community will have their share of freedom and restrictions. As justified by the golden rule, it is only the means which is good and therefore virtuous. If a particular community will be given too much freedom, there are tendencies that the government will be exploited and mocked. On the contrary, when a government becomes too authoritarian, it will lose the respect of the community because of the restrict ions that are being imposed. State and economy are entities perceived to be better off separated. Monopoly in the government should be avoided. This will ensure not just the stability of the state and the economy as different entities but of the government as a whole. Friedman and Friedman expressed that, â€Å"The relation between political and economic freedom is complex and by no means unilateral†. If both divisions are being governed by one branch of governance, there is a great possibility that monopoly will occur.

Madame Tussauds Tourism Analysis

Madame Tussauds Tourism Analysis Leisure and recreation are as old as human beings and were present in the lives of our Stone Age ancestors. Man is always busy in work for its survival but there is a growing desire to get a good work balance with leisure time. With the blessing of latest technology we are in the era that has variety of leisure attractions to relax. Madame Tussauds situated in London is among the most popular leisure attraction. It is a museum of different kind that entertain its visitors with wax models of their choice from history and from present which they have ever dreamt to meet. In this piece of work I have discussed the history of the museum and its establishment in London including its unique characteristics. The possible key challenges faced by the attraction in coming future and the ways to combat these challenges by giving proposed management including range of aspects Different ways of managing visitors because customer satisfaction is the key point in business. Various ways of targeting market specially by using SWOT Analysis. Making market strategy after analysing customers demands. Making human resource department more effective to fulfil the wishes of consumers DEFINITION OF LEISURE: Different authors and researchers define leisure; some of the definitions for the Leisure are as follow: Time that an individual sets aside for activities, such as sleeping (Collins 1997) From Leisure and Tourism, Barker, By Collins 1997 Time that is free from work, when you can do what you like (Oxford Dictionary Press) A From Concise Oxford School Dictionary, By Oxford University Press Leisure is the opportunity available to an individual after completing the immediate necessities of life, when he or she has the freedom to choose and engage in an experience that is expected to be personally satisfying From Edexcel Leisure and Recreation Course Specification The term leisure is an ever changing concept that reflects the current social and economic conditions and aspirations, adapting in response to consumer demand and expectations The idea of leisure being described as a state of mind originated with Aristotle. He believed that leisure was a form of self-indulgence and self-improvement. Leisure is seen as a mans greatest possession because it is essential for self development. It forces us to step back from the constant pressures of daily life in order for us to see what really important (Aristotle internet website). IMPORTANCE OF LEISURE: Each person has their own opinion of what leisure means to them and there is no set definition of the word as it covers a wide range of things. leisure time and how it is spent is an individuals choice and the way in which they spend it whether it be home based, active or passive. As long as the individual gets satisfaction from this leisure time then it has been used to its potential. Leisure is important because everyone needs a little bit of relaxation in their life. Having leisure helps a person relieve stress, have time to themselves, and just to recharge their body and mind. Leisure is very important for ones mental and physical health. It provides an opportunity to spend time as you want away from regular work stress with family and friends. It is very important for an individual to take time out for itself as it bring about a positive flow of energy in an individual. Leisure as a function has changed enormously over the last 100 years. With the arrival of new technology some forms of leisure have increased their range of activities hugely. 100 years ago art was considered to be drama, stage shows, architecture and so on. Now it include many different forms. Broadcasting, Film Production and Video were all aspects of the Art Council that received funding in the last year. These have only been considered arts in the last century. The Government, private companies and investors have also discovered the commercial side of leisure. From this information it can be concluded that over the last 100 years leisure has evolved from something that is the opposite of work to something that is vital in our everyday lives. Madame tussauds is among the popular leisure attraction of the present time, it is standing at its place from last 200 years but getting more popular with time for the kind of unique entertainment it is providing to its visitors. Celebrities wax images draw visitors towards itself. IT is a kind of place which has all kind of attraction in it from past to present both for history lovers and for modern young youth. It helps to make visitors dreams come true when they want to touch or meet the personality they like ,which otherwise my not be possible for them because either it has become history or is very big celebrity of modern time ,whom one cant meet. Is it real or is it wax? Sometimes its hard to tell the difference when youre at Madame Tussauds Wax Museum . This unique museum of its own kind has entertained about 500 million visitors since it first opened. The Target Market for Madame Tussauds is to attract all types of consumers, from all social classes. As well as Domestic and O verseas visitors. According to Pamela Pilbeam, there may be a simple reason for the enduring popularity of Madame Tussauds: There is nothing so fascinating for a human being as others of the species. Since the arrival of the waxworks in London in the 1830s, visitors have had the opportunity to gawk at, rub shoulders with and even touch some of the most famous and infamous others royalty and revolutionaries, murderers and media stars. London is a cosmopolitan city having people all around the world with different cultures. The management of Madame tussauds when targeting marketing has taken advantage of this feature of the city and has kept different types of wax sculptures which visitors want to see for example to attract Asian visitors there are various political, sports, and entertainment figures in the museum. According to the student pack of Madame Tussauds, it identifies their Current Market as Demographics Segmentation according to social class. Kotler (1994) believes marketing a product/service, includes potential customers for using this specific product/service. Therefore, organisations will effectively market their product/service according to the Segment of market. This has been known as Target Market. Additionally to Lancaster Reynololds (1999), indicate that, in order to acquire target segment, the organisations has to break down the amount of the total market into different sub-groups / segments, according to their needs and wants, in-order to make the product/service attract consumers within that market segment. Madame Tussauds used segmentation and target marketing, because it provides many returns to their organisation, such as: It allows the exhibition to identify their customer groups with different requirements and wants The exhibition objective can be achieved easily. For example; profit maximisation and long term growth When there are market gaps in a market, it is assessed and then satisfied, this can be done by using unique product / promotional offerings By handling marketing mix, in order for competence recognise the target needs. This will lead to an increase customers satisfactioN HISTORY: The holy Roman Emperor the doges of venices ,the dukes of burnswick and other rulers met the same end.A full size wax model of Henry 111 of England was made for his funeral in 1272.The custom grew for models to be kept after the funeral service at the relevant Royal tomb in West minister. In the seventeenth century it became common for wax models to be included in funeral processions of notable non -royal citizens. Marie Grosholtz the future Madam Tussauds (1761-1850) was trained by Curtius and she worked as his assistant. Madam Tussaud was born in Strasbourg on Dec,1761,her father Joseph Grosholtz who fought as a soldier for seven years at war died before her birth.After Maries birth her mother got a job as house keeper at Dr.Phillip Cutius house in Berne.Mr . Curtius was a skilled physician who takes help of wax models while demonstrating anatomy.Marie was always treated warmly by Curtius, who transferred his great art of wax modelling to Marie.Marie was always greatful and reffered him as his uncle. In 1765 ,Curtius moved to Paris followed by Ann and Marie, where he was able to organise his first exhibition of wax models in 1770 and by 1776 due to the fame of exhibition,it moved to Royal palace.During this time Marie was in the tutionage of Curtius and started modelling her own wax works. Her first wax figure was of Francois Volatire and then she made models of Benjamin Franklin and Jean Jacques.After the fame of her work she was appointed as a art tutor for Elizabeth ,king Louis XVIS sister. It was the time when France saw its revolution and Marie Tussauds was imprisoned and was forced to make death masks of the aristocrats as to show her allegiance to feudal nobles. During French revolution she modelled many prominent victms of the revolution. After the death of Mr .curtius in 1794,Marie inherited his vast collection of wax models.In 1800 Marie got married to Francois Tussauds,who was an engineer.She had two sons Joseph and Francois.To flourish her business,Marie decided to took her wax work on exhibition.Along with Joseph she brought her exhibition to London and Ireland which included wax models and death masks. That tour lasted for about 33 years.Finally Madam Tussauds decided to settle on Baker Street in London. Visitors paid six pence so that they can get a chance to meet famous names of the day. The Most important characterstic of the gallery was The Chamber of Horrors which exhibits wax models of the people victimised during French Revolution and some newly created models of other murderers and criminals. With time wax models of different prominent personalities were added to the museum.The museum in the beginning had 400 different wax models. Some of the models of the exhibition were damaged twice firstly by fire in 1925 and secondly by the bombardment of German army. Madam Du Barry is the oldest wax model of the museum. In the year 1842 Madam Tussaud added her own model which has been displayed at the entrance of the museum. Madam died on 15th April 1856. Bridge kate in her book A Life In A Wax praises Madam Tussauds as Cultural Innovator .The architect behind the first and fore most enduring world wide branch to be identified simply by reference to its founders name. BRANCHES Millions of people visit Madam Tussauds every year but it is still popular as it was ever.It has now become one the most popular visitor attraction in London. Due to its popularity it branches has been and will be expanded to other parts of the world. Its branches are opened in Hong Kong, New york, Las vegas ,Berlin, Shanghai, Washington DC and Amsterdam for the tourists, they also contain the wax models of prominent figures in them. DIFFERENT ATTRACTIONS IN THE MADAM TUSSAUDS Party Room Figures such as Samuel L Jackson, Morgan Freeman, Leo DiCaprio, Nicole Kidman David and Victoria Beckham and Robert Pattinson are kept here. It is designed to feel like you have stepped into a celebrity party, with wax figures dotted around the room. High School Musical Hannah Montana Launched in 2008, this room has a figure of Zac Efron as the character of Troy Bolton from the High School Musical franchise. This zone also includes Miley Cyruss wax figure. There is also a karaoke facility, in which a person can sing Mileys songs. Movie Room (Premiere night) Hollywood famous figures live here including Steven Spielberg, Jim Carrey and Audrey Hepburn,Brad Pitt,Angelina Jollie,Jim Carry,Nicole Kidman and many more.Bollywood stars who are modelled are Salman Khan,Amitabh Bachan and Aishwarya rai. Besides there is Shrek, Spiderman, along with the smallest figure ever made of Tinker Bellabout five and a half inches in length Sports Zone It is another exciting zone for sports lovers specially for those who want to see their sports icons face to face. It has wax models of Mohammed Ali.One can also get a chance to ride bike with Lance Armstrong.Wax model of David Bekham and many other famous players are added there to increase the excitement. The Royalty In the Royals visitors get a chance to stand next to Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Charles, Prince of Wales, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, Prince William of Wales and Prince Henry of Wales. Cultural Figures This area has numerous cultural personalities including Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking, Pablo Picasso and Charles Darwin. Stars From The Music Industry Music icons include Beyonce, Jennifer Lopez, Madonna, Britney Spears, Leona Lewis, Kylie Minogue, Amy Winehouse, Tom Jones, Bob Marley, Justin Timberlake and Freddie Mercury. The Beatles in this area appear on the album cover of Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band. Leaders From The World of Politics Here visitors can get a chance to meet Barak Obama, Margaret Thatcher, Winston Churchill, Nicolas Sarkozy, Ronald Reagan, Tony Blair, Benazir Bhutto, Martin Luther King, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Gandhi, the controversial figures of Hitler ,Sadam husein and Robert Mugabe. Chamber of Horrors and Scream This attraction is not suitable for pregnant women and children under 12 years of age. contains the models of killers and criminals from the time of French Revolution .It also contains the death masks made by Madam Tussauds. Area Showing the Secenes and History of Madame Tussauds This area shows the history of exhibition. How was a wax modle made by Madam Tussaud. London ride Here visitors sit in taxi rides and are taken through the history of London which starts from Tudor and ends at 1980s. Top of Form Bottom of Form Warhols Women It has models of Andy Warhol Marilyn Monroe in the classic pose where her skirt is blown upward, Liza Minnelli, Judy Garland, Jerry Hall and Jackie O. Top of Form Bottom of Form KEY CHALLENGES TO BE FACED BY THE EXHIBITION Swar brooke(2002) states without visitor attractions there would be no need for other tourism services and tourism as such would not exist without them. Different attractions provide their customers with services that are available with in the attraction for example some give their visitors a day out, others give educational services, some give their customers ancillary operations but Madme tussauds is one that entertain its visitors with combination of all above mentioned services due to which it is important that this work is put into place to deal with consumers content health and safety and to make sure of their repeat visits. To maintain this standard of excellence the tussauds organisation may possibly face some challenges in future specially in the following: Marketing and competition Customer care Human resource management SWOT ANALYSIS: This can be used in order for the organisation to achieve their objectives. This procedure is an effective method of identifying businesses Strengths and Weaknesses, and to examine the Opportunities and Threats they face. Often carrying out an analysis using the SWOT framework that will be enough to reveal changes, which can be usefully made. Swift (2000) According to Hannagan (1992) he defined SWOT analysis as: A SWOT analysis helps to focus attention on the key areas in an organisation that need to be taken into account in producing a marketing planà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. A SWOT analysis is a summary of the marketing audit. It highlights internal differential strengths and weaknesses form the customers point of view as they relate to external opportunities and threats. SWOT are mainly consists of the two factors that are internal and external in which Strengths and weaknesses are internal while opportunities and threats are from external competitors and environment. Madame Tussauds attraction is the main factor and strength which makes their position stronger than other competitors. By using SWOT analysis business can make future prediction and make possible changes in order to grow and compete in the future. MARKETING AND COMPETITION : In todays world of business and economics markets have become very competitive therefore understanding consumer is no longer enough .Organisations must start giving attention to their competitors , if want to have share in the market. (kotler 2003). As it is stated before, Madame Tussauds it is a large organisation within the travel and tourism industry, therefore it face high standard of challenger not only in London but all around UK,which can become stronger in the future. that is why more effective marketing is required to survive in the competition However, it uses circulation channel for more knowledge of their product national and international. They mainly deliver the awareness of their product/service through the Internet, as it is global. However, other sources of promoting and awareness of their product is mainly done through Media, in the form of posters at tube stations and bus sides which is mainly and to communicate the brand to a wider audience, public relations, portraits, business development and Banqueting Co-operate Entertaining, The prime objective of the organisation is to stay London top paying attraction, therefore a marketing strategy should be in terms of its target, current and potential market study and their process of promotion in order to attract their product to their customer by distribution. However, the aim of promotional planning in the long run is not just to inform, but to promote customers to purchase products/services or, to adopt ideas. Therefore, effective promotion is usually attained by well researched for tracking sales levels and attitude patterns toward consumers needs, this means objective must link to the target aimed. This can be achieved by updating, convincing and highlighting the organisation current and potential target market. CUSTOMER CARE: Ensuring that customers are provided with quality services every time is a key in organisational success. Like other tourist attractions Madame tussauds may also face the challenge of delivering quality customer care. The organisation should note that words of mouths from satisfied customers is a free advertising and improved reputation and above all an increased revenue. Tussauds organisation should maintain a high standard of customer care training with in the exhibition to achieve goals like Increase sales Gain a competitive advantage Maintain consumer loyalty Attract new consumers Gain customer satisfaction Enhance the visitor attraction image For achieving high standard of customer care the organisation must improve Their queuing process in term of not making consumer to wait for a long period to enter the exhibition Signs around the exhibition for direction (such as direction for facilities for disabilities segment) Having more staff speaking different languages Having effective management that can handle crowd HUMAN RESOURCES Human resource management can also be a challenge as selection and recruitment costs will be much more due to the high presence of staff at visitor attractions. Competition in the service sector offering permanent employment can detract suitable applicants from applying for positions within visitor attractions. With the high staff turnover consistency will be difficult to maintain within visitor attractions, which inevitably will have a negative effect on the quality of service delivered to customers. This is due to the fact that to be able to deliver quality services to consumers requires skilled and well-trained employees. As many employees of visitor attractions are employed on short-term contracts, operators may be less willing to invest in training and development for seasonal staff. In Scotland the Association of Scottish Visitor Attractions encourages its members to invest in training and development for all staff, whether full or part time, seasonal or permanent. Many operato rs of attractions dislike spending money on training and development for seasonal employees as there is the possibility of the employees not returning the following year. Operators are being encouraged to invest in training and development as this has proven to lead to a stronger more motivated workforce. If employees are enable and empowered to deliver a quality service, employee turnover should reduce, and employees affected by seasonality would be easier retained for the next season to come. They mainly deliver the awareness of their product/service through the Internet, as it is global. However, other sources of promoting and awareness of their product is mainly done through Media, in the form of posters at tube stations and bus sides which is mainly and to communicate the brand to a wider audience, public relations, portraits, business development and Banqueting Co-operate Entertaining, The prime objective of the organisation is to stay London top paying attraction, therefore a marketing strategy should be in terms of its target,current and potential market study and their process of promotion in order to attract their product to their customer by distribution. However, the aim of promotional planning in the long run is not just to inform, but to promote customers to purchase products/services or, to adopt ideas. Therefore, effective promotion is usually attained by well researched for tracking sales levels and attitude patterns toward consumers needs, this means objective must link to the target aimed. This can be achieved by updating, convincing and highlighting the organisation current and potential target market. At the same time one of their target is to carry out a promotional action plan to target market, attract all types of consumers both domestic and overseas CONCLUSION: Operators in todays business environment face many challenges as we have seen in bring quality services to visitors of their attractions. By putting in place suitable measures and processes, and ensuring their employees are capable of knowledge about efficient customer care training, confidence and motivations in which to perform at their best, operators can gain an competitive edge in their market, and deliver customer satisfaction each an Kotler, P., Marketing Management, Prentice Hall International, United States of America, 1994 Hannagan, T. J., Marketing for the non-profit sector, Macmillan, Great Britain, 1992Swift, I., Marketing, Hodder and Stoughton, Great Britain 2000,Swarbrooke J, The Development and Management of Visitor Attractions, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002 Berridge Kate A life in a wax Pamela Pilbean The History of Wax work by Pamela Pilbean 2003,,, From Leisure and Tourism, Barker, By Collins 1997, Lancaster, G. and Reynolds, P, Introduction to Marketing, Kogan Page, Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, 1999,(Oxford Dictionary Press) A From Concise Oxford School Dictionary, By Oxford University Press

Lift and the Physics of Flight Essay -- physics lift plane airplane

Since the beginning of recorded history, humans have always had a fascination with flight. Now that we live in a world where boarding an airplane and flying across the country – or even the world - is simply a part of everyday life, the wonder of flight has diminished for many. Despite this, physics students from all around continue to delight in the many physical forces that play a part in keeping these huge objects (like jumbo jets) from falling out of the sky! The common explanation given to those curious about how an airplane wing produces lift uses the Bernoulli Principle. This is the concept that because of the airfoil shape of a wing, the air traveling over the top of the wing must travel faster than the air going under the wing because it has to travel a farther distance. The resulting difference in pressure between the two (higher pressure under the wing) creates lift, keeping the plane in the air. This explanation is unsatisfactory in a number of ways. It does not consider or explain the important role that the angle of attack plays in flight, nor does not explain how planes can fly upside down (where according to the Bernoulli Principle, the pressure would actually be higher on the top of the wing, pushing the plane down to the ground!). For some interesting arguments and calculations refuting the Bernoulli Principle as a sound explanation for lift in an airplane, check out Gail Craig’s book â€Å"Stop Abusing Bernoulli! How Airplanes Really Fly† available from Regenerative Press (see bibliography). Although the Bernoulli Principle is used to describe many physical phenomena, it does not explain lift. Luckily for us there is a much more sound explanation for how an airplane flies! There are four main forc... ...er angle of attack helps divert more air downwards, thus creating more lift. If one imagines the air particles as bullets hitting the wing of the airplane, an increased angle of attack increases the number of air particles that will hit the bottom of the wing, thus increasing the amount of air being â€Å"scooped† and diverted downwards. However, there is a limit to this great thing we call angle of attack. Generally any angle greater than 15 degrees will cause the plane to stall. The stall happens because, as discussed earlier, the viscous property of air â€Å"wants† to follow a curve, but is limited to its level of â€Å"stickiness† to the surface of the plane. As the angle of attack increases, the air has a harder time â€Å"sticking† to the surface and eventually simply passes right over the wing without following the surface, resulting in the loss of lift (a.k.a. stall).

Review Strategies Used in Health and Social Care Environments Essay

M2, review strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. D1, evaluate strategies used in health and social care to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. Introduction There are many differing ideas on the best way to communicate in health and social care and there are many strategies used by the many differing professionals working in health and social care. This assignment will review the different strategies used and then will evaluate the differing strategies and their effectiveness when overcoming barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. M2; There are lots of different strategies used in health and social care and all of these strategies have their strengths and weaknesses this assignment is going to review if these strategies are successful or not. The strategies that will be looked at are staff training, reflective listening, individual preference, the environment and awareness of non-verbal communication. Reflective listening www.skillsforlife.co.uk believe the strength of Reflective listening as a strategy in health and social care is it builds the clients self-esteem and lets them know that you are interested in what they are saying and keeps a conversation going and by repeating what is been said to you lets the client know that you are professional and listening to what they have to say. The weakness of reflective listening is if the client has low self-esteem before the conversation starts or is angry or upset the client may feel that the service provider is not helping by just repeating what is being said to them and this could anger the client further or the client will just refuse to talk. Staff training www.skillsforlife.co.uk suggest that the strength of staff training is that it allows for constant updates in which service provides are always up to date on the latest strategies on overcoming barriers to communication and this leads to a better understanding of how barriers can happen and gives them the tools to take control and remedy the situation. www.skillsforlife.co.uk also suggest that the weaknesses that can arise due to staff training is that the member of staff loses time with clients while attending courses and may not be able to attend all training opportunities so this can lead to a gap in training and the member of staff not knowing all the latest strategies and this in turn can make things difficult for clients as they are not being given correct and up to information. Individual preference www.skillsforlife.co.uk believe the strength of individual preference is that it allows the client to choose the best way for them to be able to communicate that makes them feel comfortable and this in turn makes it easier for the member of staff as they have a client who is open and willing to talk and this also allows for staff to make appropriate arrangements if an interpreter or signer is needed www.skillsforlife.co.uk also believe that the weaknesses of individual preference is that staff may not have time to find someone to interpret or sign for them and they may not know sign language themselves and also not have time to arrange for these needs before the first meeting with the client. Environment www.skillsforlife.co.uk suggest that the positives that come from the environment that the conversation is taking place in are that for example in a counselling session the environment needs to be quiet so the client can communicate with ease and confidence knowing that they are being listened too. This helps the messages to be understood. www.skillsforlife.co.uk also suggest that the negatives can be that staff do not always have the time to assess all situations and as a lot of the space is used by other professionals such as doctors and nurses the environment cannot always be prepared in advance. Awareness of non-verbal communication According to www.skillsforlife.co.uk, making professionals aware of their non-verbal communication is a good way of overcoming barriers and the professional can ensure the proximity between them and client is a good distance but not too far away, and being aware of this is a good a lot of the way be communicate comes from body language and facial expression and professionals who are aware of this can improve their practice and the emotional needs of clients. www.skillsforlife.co.uk also believe that a negative side to this is that not all professionals have time to learn about this and also a lot of the time our emotions, facial expressions and body language is sub-conscious and not controlled. D1; This part of the assignment will evaluate the strategies used in health and social care. It will evaluate the pros and cons of communication and how they are used to overcome barriers to communication and interpersonal skills. Strategies are used in health and social care to give the service users the best possible chance of getting back to full health as soon as possible and provide on-going treatment or care into the future as and when it is no longer required. They are in place to promote independence and to make caring for someone as pleasant and easy experience for both staff and service user, and according to K.Bryan et al, ageing and mental health (2002) Studies suggest that a high proportion of older people in residential and nursing care have communication difficulties and there is some awareness of the need for staff training to allow effective communication to be achieved. Not working in the sector the only experiences to draw on are in the voluntary sector, working with an elderly lady in the early stages of dementia, It will be using these experiences to evaluate the pros and cons as to whether the way strategies are used are effective or not. The strategies it will be evaluating are reflective listening, staff training, individual preference, environment and non-verbal communication. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Reflective listening can both be a help and a hindrance when communicating with dementia patients as it does depend on the service user and the sort of day they are having some days they are in the present and other days they are in the past so the trick is to adjust the way you reflect back to suit the conversation you are having as not to confuse the service user and keep the conversation going, in my opinion reflective listening is an important tool in breaking down barriers as it gives everyone a chance to air their views and be understood as to what they want, need and require. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Staff training as a tool for overcoming barriers to communication is very important as without it staff working in the sector would not be able to serve their clients in the best way possible they would not have the knowledge to look after their patients in a safe and healthy way and this in turn will anger and or scare the patients so that they refuse help which could be detrimental to their health. In my opinion staff training is an effective way of keeping up to date on the latest skills and other ways of making sure all clients are safe and well in your care. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Individual preference is important as a tool to overcome communication barriers as it makes the client comfortable and this in turn helps them to relax and open to talking, for those who have difficulty communicating keeping to their way of doing things also helps the client to relax and not to feel anxious because they are in a strange place and may be feeling confused and unsure of what is going on. In my opinion individual preference is important as it centres care on what is best for the client to make them as happy and relaxed as possible. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Environment is an important tool for both client and staff, for clients it is important that things are familiar and as normal as possible and helps the service user to feel relaxed as with individual preference if they have difficulty communicating they will feel anxious and confused so a familiar environment will put them at easel, for staff the environment is important so they can perform their duties with ease and using the same environment for each client allows the staff member to know where everything is and the repetitive nature will reassure the client that nothing’s changed. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Non-verbal communication the way we communicate non-verbally plays a part in overcoming barriers to communication because if our body language is negative such as no eye contact, this will impact on the client and may make them feel insecure and not willing to communicate, whereas a positive attitude will help the client to open up to you and be more willing to talk. Conclusion Strategies in communication are important as they help to overcome the difficulties some people face on a day to day basis, these strategies also help to decide what works and what dos not when working with service users in a health and social care setting Reference Stretch, B, Whitehouse, M, (2010) Btec level 3 health and social care book 1, Harlow, Pearson Education LTD K. Bryan, L. Axelrod, J. Maxim, L. Bell & L. Jordan Journal: Aging & Mental Health Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2002, pages 248-254 Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012) pages 1-45 http//www.skillsyouneed.co.uk 2012/ips/barriers-communication 20/12/2012

Should Teens Be Allowed To Have Cosmetic Surgery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1887 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Cosmetic Surgery Essay Did you like this example? In todays society, the standard of beauty has evolved causing insecurities among teens. The beauty standards affect teens self-esteem, causing them to oversee their natural beauty. Cosmetic surgery has become a popular procedure among teens. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Should Teens Be Allowed To Have Cosmetic Surgery?" essay for you Create order According to a cosmetic surgery center, Cosmetic Surgery Center, in 2012, there were more than 236,000 cosmetic procedures performed on patients between the ages of 13 and 19 including more than 75,000 surgical procedures (Teen Plastic SurgeryFad or Fabulous). Cosmetic surgery is a medical procedure that is for appearances, not for health reasons.   It seems teens believe that having surgery will make them more attractive to others and make them feel better about themselves, due to having low self-esteem. People support the idea that teens should be allowed to make the decision because it is their body and their parents shouldnt have a say in it however, they may be too young for body autonomy. Despite what others are saying, teenagers should not be allowed to undergo cosmetic surgery because of the harmful effects the procedure has. Also, teens who get cosmetic surgery get it to look better and this may be based on opinion or fad and may change over time.   Cosmetic surgery is a lso bad for teens because too much money is being spent on trying to keep up an image and this depreciates their self-value and self-esteem.   Cosmetic surgery may have harmful effects therefore teenagers should wait until they are adults to elect to have such a procedure.   Surgery is a major event for ones body to experience.   Cosmetic surgery may involve removing pieces of the body, such as removing fat for liposuction.   Cosmetic surgery may also involving adding things to the body such as fillers or implants.   Both of these things may cause trauma to the body and to undergo them one usually requires the use of anesthesia.   The Mayo Clinic is a prestigious medical center, they warn about the consequences to cosmetic surgery.   The Mayo Clinic says,   Possible complications for any surgical procedure include: Complications related to anesthesia,   including pneumonia, blood clots and, rarely, death. Infection at the incision site, which may   worsen scarring and require additional surgery. Fluid build up under the skin. Mild bleeding,   which may require another surgical procedure, or bleeding significant enough to require a   transfusion. Obvious scarring or skin breakdown, which occurs when healing skin separates from   healthy skin and must be removed surgically. Numbness and tingling from nerve damage, which   may be permanent. (Mayo Clinic Staff). The complications to anesthesia may be the worst because there is the possibility of death.   The Mayo Clinic does indicate that it is rare to die from complications from anesthesia but it is still a possibility.   For a young person to choose to do this for aesthetic purposes is taking too big of a risk with their life for superficial purposes.   Additionally there is risk of scarring or infection.   If a teenager is electing to having surgery for cosmetic reasons and it leaves a scar that would defeat the purpose of the cosmetic alteration in a way.   The risk of infection could cause medical problems that could lead to death as well. These are heavy risks for something that is not guaranteed.   These harmful effects are too costly for a teenager to just choose to undergo it.   Teens electing to get cosmetic surgery may be a premature decision as it may be related to a fad or passing opinion.   One reason teens may prematurely choose to get cosmetic surgery is because it is pushed on them by the entertainment and advertising industry in many ways.   One way the entertainment industry pushes beauty standards on teens is through the use of unhealthy beauty ideals by using computer graphics, airbrushing, and other falsified methods.   This leads the teens to believe that this is desired although it may be fake and truly unattainable.   Sociologist Hawkins, as cited in the Journal of Psychology of Popular Media Culture attests to this by saying, Media images of idealized female beauty have further been found to be associated with diverse psychological consequences ranging from depression to anger to eating disorders (Markey Markey, p210).  Ã‚   The media in general uses a vast array of techniques to influence beauty standards and desires towards them.   This particularly evident in women and teenagers, affecting adolescents and young adults development of attitudes regarding attractiveness, research suggests that the media may affect behaviors aimed at modifying or improving ones physical appearance (Markey Markey, p210).   When teens see these images it makes them feel badly about themselves and then they desire to change their appearance.   Another way the entertainment industry pushes unhealthy beauty standards on teens is through advertising.   Most advertisements are to try and persuade its viewer into purchasing the product or watching the film or doing something in the monetary benefit of the advertiser.   Specifically the cosmetic surgery industry advertises and those advertisements may be alarming because they are trying to convince someone to elect to get cosmetic surgery.   A study published in the journal of Psychology of Popular Media Culture, Dr. Ashikali determined that cosmetic surgery ads may be harmful.   Dr. Ashikalis study concluded, Exposure to cosmetic surgery advertising led to increased dissatisfaction with weight (Ashikali, et al, 2017).   This means that people who viewed these cosmetic surgery ads felt unhappy with their appearance and possibly desired cosmetic surgery.   For a teen this may be especially detrimental because they are just developing a sense of who they are who an d they want to be.   This negative persuasion may have devastating effects on their psyche and self-esteem.   The problem is that it is not just advertisements that cause this in young adults.   The entertainment industrys entertainment value content has similar effects.     The entertainment industry is engrossed in popular culture and many of the aspects of this culture promotes negative body image, which in turn promotes the desire for cosmetic surgery.   One form of entertainment that is popular today is reality television.   There are even realty television shows about cosmetic surgery transformations and these negatively impact the youth and falsely promote cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic surgery reality shows typically paint cosmetic surgery in a positive light.   This gives a false representation of the whole process of cosmetic surgery and does not take into account the long term effects of cosmetic surgery such as regret or change in opinion or desire.   Sociologists Markey and Markey discovered a connection between watching reality television shows about cosmetic surgery and desire for cosmetic surgery.   The correlation that Markey and Markey mentioned says, female participants own interest in pursuing cosmetic surgery and their posi tive responses to the media message they viewed is consistent with past research indicating a link between cosmetic surgery themed reality TV and adolescents and adults own interest in cosmetic surgery (Markey, p216). This can create a problem for women within the community as there is evidence that more attractive women face more negative criticism and behaviors for women who deem themselves lesser attractive.   The Journal of Evolutionary Behavioral Science states that, Differential levels of attractiveness can even promote discord within close female friendships, with the less attractive friend perceiving more mating rivalry within the dyad (DelPriore, p348). Cosmetic surgery makes women more competitive with each other and this has more consequences for teenagers than it does for adults because teenagers are still developing their own opinions and views of each themselves and each other.   This extra competition makes being one with the community harder and causes the teens to be alienated from their peers because of the contempt.     When teens rely on plastic surgery to boost their self esteem it may backfire.   Cosmetic surgery does not teach teens to value themselves, instead it imposed aesthetic morals on them and degrades their self esteem.   It teaches them to rely on their outer appearance as a determinant for their value.   It is possible that the cosmetic procedure will not give them the outcome they expected.   For example the procedure could make them look a way that they did not expect and their self esteem may suffer more.   A study published by the American Psychological Association written by Melissa Dittman confirmed   Several predictors of poor outcomes, especially for those who hold unrealistic expectations or have a history of depression and anxiety. The researchers found that patients who are dissatisfied with   surgery may request repeat procedures or experience depression and adjustment problems, social   isolation, family problems, self-destructive behaviors and anger toward the surgeon and his or her   staff. (Dittman, 2005) This could create a negative cycle of relying on cosmetic surgery for self acceptance and this is very unhealthy mentally and physically.   The personal cost of the cosmetic surgery is too high for a teen to risk and therefore they should wait until adulthood.     Cosmetic surgery is not all bad and it does have its benefits.   Proponents of cosmetic surgery for teenagers believe it promotes body autonomy.   According to Sarah Jean, staff writer of The Medium, body autonomy is, the idea that everyone has final say or jurisdiction over their bodies (Jean, 2017).   The concept of body autonomy is basically the ability to decide what happens or does not happen to ones own body.   This relates to many aspects of life.   For example if a young girl does not want to be touched, this is her exuding bodily autonomy.   If a teen has poor self esteem because of a physical quality, promoting bodily autonomy suggests that they be allowed to handle that problem how they see fit.   Allowing a teen to get a piercing or tattoos is a demonstration of bodily autonomy as well.   This may be a good and needed lesson in a teens life.   Proponents of cosmetic surgery for teens say it promotes bodily autonomy and that is correct it does.   It allows the teen to decide whether or not to surgically alter their appearance how they see fit.   When one is teaching bodily autonomy how does one say no to plastic surgery without being hypocritical, it is not really possible.   Cosmetic surgery does have some benefits however, it may have more detrimental effects so teens and their guardians should exercise extra caution if deciding to do so.   Ã‚  Teenagers should not be allowed to undergo cosmetic surgery because of the harmful effects the procedure may have.   This is not to say that people should never have cosmetic surgery because there are some known benefits.   One major reason that teens should not elect to have cosmetic surgery is because there is the risk of serious health problems, including death, specifically related to the anesthesia.   The problem is that when teens elect to undergo cosmetic surgery it may be for the wrong reasons.   The entertainment industry plays a heavy role in beauty standards and have been know to idealize unrealistic beauty standards.   If teens are being influenced by the entertainment industry they are likely choosing to undergo cosmetic surgery for the wrong reasons.   This may have severe consequences to their self esteem.   There are some known benefits for teens electing to undergo cosmetic surgery, such as bodily autonomy.   When teens are exerting bodily aut onomy it may be hypocritical to tell them they can not have cosmetic surgery.   Allowing them this choice does teach them bodily autonomy however the benefits of this do not outweigh the risks.   Ultimately teens should wait until adulthood before they undergo elective surgery such as cosmetic surgery.