Lift and the Physics of Flight Essay -- physics lift plane airplane

Since the beginning of recorded history, humans have always had a fascination with flight. Now that we live in a world where boarding an airplane and flying across the country – or even the world - is simply a part of everyday life, the wonder of flight has diminished for many. Despite this, physics students from all around continue to delight in the many physical forces that play a part in keeping these huge objects (like jumbo jets) from falling out of the sky! The common explanation given to those curious about how an airplane wing produces lift uses the Bernoulli Principle. This is the concept that because of the airfoil shape of a wing, the air traveling over the top of the wing must travel faster than the air going under the wing because it has to travel a farther distance. The resulting difference in pressure between the two (higher pressure under the wing) creates lift, keeping the plane in the air. This explanation is unsatisfactory in a number of ways. It does not consider or explain the important role that the angle of attack plays in flight, nor does not explain how planes can fly upside down (where according to the Bernoulli Principle, the pressure would actually be higher on the top of the wing, pushing the plane down to the ground!). For some interesting arguments and calculations refuting the Bernoulli Principle as a sound explanation for lift in an airplane, check out Gail Craig’s book â€Å"Stop Abusing Bernoulli! How Airplanes Really Fly† available from Regenerative Press (see bibliography). Although the Bernoulli Principle is used to describe many physical phenomena, it does not explain lift. Luckily for us there is a much more sound explanation for how an airplane flies! There are four main forc... ...er angle of attack helps divert more air downwards, thus creating more lift. If one imagines the air particles as bullets hitting the wing of the airplane, an increased angle of attack increases the number of air particles that will hit the bottom of the wing, thus increasing the amount of air being â€Å"scooped† and diverted downwards. However, there is a limit to this great thing we call angle of attack. Generally any angle greater than 15 degrees will cause the plane to stall. The stall happens because, as discussed earlier, the viscous property of air â€Å"wants† to follow a curve, but is limited to its level of â€Å"stickiness† to the surface of the plane. As the angle of attack increases, the air has a harder time â€Å"sticking† to the surface and eventually simply passes right over the wing without following the surface, resulting in the loss of lift (a.k.a. stall).

Review Strategies Used in Health and Social Care Environments Essay

M2, review strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. D1, evaluate strategies used in health and social care to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. Introduction There are many differing ideas on the best way to communicate in health and social care and there are many strategies used by the many differing professionals working in health and social care. This assignment will review the different strategies used and then will evaluate the differing strategies and their effectiveness when overcoming barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. M2; There are lots of different strategies used in health and social care and all of these strategies have their strengths and weaknesses this assignment is going to review if these strategies are successful or not. The strategies that will be looked at are staff training, reflective listening, individual preference, the environment and awareness of non-verbal communication. Reflective listening www.skillsforlife.co.uk believe the strength of Reflective listening as a strategy in health and social care is it builds the clients self-esteem and lets them know that you are interested in what they are saying and keeps a conversation going and by repeating what is been said to you lets the client know that you are professional and listening to what they have to say. The weakness of reflective listening is if the client has low self-esteem before the conversation starts or is angry or upset the client may feel that the service provider is not helping by just repeating what is being said to them and this could anger the client further or the client will just refuse to talk. Staff training www.skillsforlife.co.uk suggest that the strength of staff training is that it allows for constant updates in which service provides are always up to date on the latest strategies on overcoming barriers to communication and this leads to a better understanding of how barriers can happen and gives them the tools to take control and remedy the situation. www.skillsforlife.co.uk also suggest that the weaknesses that can arise due to staff training is that the member of staff loses time with clients while attending courses and may not be able to attend all training opportunities so this can lead to a gap in training and the member of staff not knowing all the latest strategies and this in turn can make things difficult for clients as they are not being given correct and up to information. Individual preference www.skillsforlife.co.uk believe the strength of individual preference is that it allows the client to choose the best way for them to be able to communicate that makes them feel comfortable and this in turn makes it easier for the member of staff as they have a client who is open and willing to talk and this also allows for staff to make appropriate arrangements if an interpreter or signer is needed www.skillsforlife.co.uk also believe that the weaknesses of individual preference is that staff may not have time to find someone to interpret or sign for them and they may not know sign language themselves and also not have time to arrange for these needs before the first meeting with the client. Environment www.skillsforlife.co.uk suggest that the positives that come from the environment that the conversation is taking place in are that for example in a counselling session the environment needs to be quiet so the client can communicate with ease and confidence knowing that they are being listened too. This helps the messages to be understood. www.skillsforlife.co.uk also suggest that the negatives can be that staff do not always have the time to assess all situations and as a lot of the space is used by other professionals such as doctors and nurses the environment cannot always be prepared in advance. Awareness of non-verbal communication According to www.skillsforlife.co.uk, making professionals aware of their non-verbal communication is a good way of overcoming barriers and the professional can ensure the proximity between them and client is a good distance but not too far away, and being aware of this is a good a lot of the way be communicate comes from body language and facial expression and professionals who are aware of this can improve their practice and the emotional needs of clients. www.skillsforlife.co.uk also believe that a negative side to this is that not all professionals have time to learn about this and also a lot of the time our emotions, facial expressions and body language is sub-conscious and not controlled. D1; This part of the assignment will evaluate the strategies used in health and social care. It will evaluate the pros and cons of communication and how they are used to overcome barriers to communication and interpersonal skills. Strategies are used in health and social care to give the service users the best possible chance of getting back to full health as soon as possible and provide on-going treatment or care into the future as and when it is no longer required. They are in place to promote independence and to make caring for someone as pleasant and easy experience for both staff and service user, and according to K.Bryan et al, ageing and mental health (2002) Studies suggest that a high proportion of older people in residential and nursing care have communication difficulties and there is some awareness of the need for staff training to allow effective communication to be achieved. Not working in the sector the only experiences to draw on are in the voluntary sector, working with an elderly lady in the early stages of dementia, It will be using these experiences to evaluate the pros and cons as to whether the way strategies are used are effective or not. The strategies it will be evaluating are reflective listening, staff training, individual preference, environment and non-verbal communication. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Reflective listening can both be a help and a hindrance when communicating with dementia patients as it does depend on the service user and the sort of day they are having some days they are in the present and other days they are in the past so the trick is to adjust the way you reflect back to suit the conversation you are having as not to confuse the service user and keep the conversation going, in my opinion reflective listening is an important tool in breaking down barriers as it gives everyone a chance to air their views and be understood as to what they want, need and require. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Staff training as a tool for overcoming barriers to communication is very important as without it staff working in the sector would not be able to serve their clients in the best way possible they would not have the knowledge to look after their patients in a safe and healthy way and this in turn will anger and or scare the patients so that they refuse help which could be detrimental to their health. In my opinion staff training is an effective way of keeping up to date on the latest skills and other ways of making sure all clients are safe and well in your care. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Individual preference is important as a tool to overcome communication barriers as it makes the client comfortable and this in turn helps them to relax and open to talking, for those who have difficulty communicating keeping to their way of doing things also helps the client to relax and not to feel anxious because they are in a strange place and may be feeling confused and unsure of what is going on. In my opinion individual preference is important as it centres care on what is best for the client to make them as happy and relaxed as possible. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Environment is an important tool for both client and staff, for clients it is important that things are familiar and as normal as possible and helps the service user to feel relaxed as with individual preference if they have difficulty communicating they will feel anxious and confused so a familiar environment will put them at easel, for staff the environment is important so they can perform their duties with ease and using the same environment for each client allows the staff member to know where everything is and the repetitive nature will reassure the client that nothing’s changed. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Non-verbal communication the way we communicate non-verbally plays a part in overcoming barriers to communication because if our body language is negative such as no eye contact, this will impact on the client and may make them feel insecure and not willing to communicate, whereas a positive attitude will help the client to open up to you and be more willing to talk. Conclusion Strategies in communication are important as they help to overcome the difficulties some people face on a day to day basis, these strategies also help to decide what works and what dos not when working with service users in a health and social care setting Reference Stretch, B, Whitehouse, M, (2010) Btec level 3 health and social care book 1, Harlow, Pearson Education LTD K. Bryan, L. Axelrod, J. Maxim, L. Bell & L. Jordan Journal: Aging & Mental Health Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2002, pages 248-254 Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012) pages 1-45 http//www.skillsyouneed.co.uk 2012/ips/barriers-communication 20/12/2012

Should Teens Be Allowed To Have Cosmetic Surgery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1887 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Cosmetic Surgery Essay Did you like this example? In todays society, the standard of beauty has evolved causing insecurities among teens. The beauty standards affect teens self-esteem, causing them to oversee their natural beauty. Cosmetic surgery has become a popular procedure among teens. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Should Teens Be Allowed To Have Cosmetic Surgery?" essay for you Create order According to a cosmetic surgery center, Cosmetic Surgery Center, in 2012, there were more than 236,000 cosmetic procedures performed on patients between the ages of 13 and 19 including more than 75,000 surgical procedures (Teen Plastic SurgeryFad or Fabulous). Cosmetic surgery is a medical procedure that is for appearances, not for health reasons.   It seems teens believe that having surgery will make them more attractive to others and make them feel better about themselves, due to having low self-esteem. People support the idea that teens should be allowed to make the decision because it is their body and their parents shouldnt have a say in it however, they may be too young for body autonomy. Despite what others are saying, teenagers should not be allowed to undergo cosmetic surgery because of the harmful effects the procedure has. Also, teens who get cosmetic surgery get it to look better and this may be based on opinion or fad and may change over time.   Cosmetic surgery is a lso bad for teens because too much money is being spent on trying to keep up an image and this depreciates their self-value and self-esteem.   Cosmetic surgery may have harmful effects therefore teenagers should wait until they are adults to elect to have such a procedure.   Surgery is a major event for ones body to experience.   Cosmetic surgery may involve removing pieces of the body, such as removing fat for liposuction.   Cosmetic surgery may also involving adding things to the body such as fillers or implants.   Both of these things may cause trauma to the body and to undergo them one usually requires the use of anesthesia.   The Mayo Clinic is a prestigious medical center, they warn about the consequences to cosmetic surgery.   The Mayo Clinic says,   Possible complications for any surgical procedure include: Complications related to anesthesia,   including pneumonia, blood clots and, rarely, death. Infection at the incision site, which may   worsen scarring and require additional surgery. Fluid build up under the skin. Mild bleeding,   which may require another surgical procedure, or bleeding significant enough to require a   transfusion. Obvious scarring or skin breakdown, which occurs when healing skin separates from   healthy skin and must be removed surgically. Numbness and tingling from nerve damage, which   may be permanent. (Mayo Clinic Staff). The complications to anesthesia may be the worst because there is the possibility of death.   The Mayo Clinic does indicate that it is rare to die from complications from anesthesia but it is still a possibility.   For a young person to choose to do this for aesthetic purposes is taking too big of a risk with their life for superficial purposes.   Additionally there is risk of scarring or infection.   If a teenager is electing to having surgery for cosmetic reasons and it leaves a scar that would defeat the purpose of the cosmetic alteration in a way.   The risk of infection could cause medical problems that could lead to death as well. These are heavy risks for something that is not guaranteed.   These harmful effects are too costly for a teenager to just choose to undergo it.   Teens electing to get cosmetic surgery may be a premature decision as it may be related to a fad or passing opinion.   One reason teens may prematurely choose to get cosmetic surgery is because it is pushed on them by the entertainment and advertising industry in many ways.   One way the entertainment industry pushes beauty standards on teens is through the use of unhealthy beauty ideals by using computer graphics, airbrushing, and other falsified methods.   This leads the teens to believe that this is desired although it may be fake and truly unattainable.   Sociologist Hawkins, as cited in the Journal of Psychology of Popular Media Culture attests to this by saying, Media images of idealized female beauty have further been found to be associated with diverse psychological consequences ranging from depression to anger to eating disorders (Markey Markey, p210).  Ã‚   The media in general uses a vast array of techniques to influence beauty standards and desires towards them.   This particularly evident in women and teenagers, affecting adolescents and young adults development of attitudes regarding attractiveness, research suggests that the media may affect behaviors aimed at modifying or improving ones physical appearance (Markey Markey, p210).   When teens see these images it makes them feel badly about themselves and then they desire to change their appearance.   Another way the entertainment industry pushes unhealthy beauty standards on teens is through advertising.   Most advertisements are to try and persuade its viewer into purchasing the product or watching the film or doing something in the monetary benefit of the advertiser.   Specifically the cosmetic surgery industry advertises and those advertisements may be alarming because they are trying to convince someone to elect to get cosmetic surgery.   A study published in the journal of Psychology of Popular Media Culture, Dr. Ashikali determined that cosmetic surgery ads may be harmful.   Dr. Ashikalis study concluded, Exposure to cosmetic surgery advertising led to increased dissatisfaction with weight (Ashikali, et al, 2017).   This means that people who viewed these cosmetic surgery ads felt unhappy with their appearance and possibly desired cosmetic surgery.   For a teen this may be especially detrimental because they are just developing a sense of who they are who an d they want to be.   This negative persuasion may have devastating effects on their psyche and self-esteem.   The problem is that it is not just advertisements that cause this in young adults.   The entertainment industrys entertainment value content has similar effects.     The entertainment industry is engrossed in popular culture and many of the aspects of this culture promotes negative body image, which in turn promotes the desire for cosmetic surgery.   One form of entertainment that is popular today is reality television.   There are even realty television shows about cosmetic surgery transformations and these negatively impact the youth and falsely promote cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic surgery reality shows typically paint cosmetic surgery in a positive light.   This gives a false representation of the whole process of cosmetic surgery and does not take into account the long term effects of cosmetic surgery such as regret or change in opinion or desire.   Sociologists Markey and Markey discovered a connection between watching reality television shows about cosmetic surgery and desire for cosmetic surgery.   The correlation that Markey and Markey mentioned says, female participants own interest in pursuing cosmetic surgery and their posi tive responses to the media message they viewed is consistent with past research indicating a link between cosmetic surgery themed reality TV and adolescents and adults own interest in cosmetic surgery (Markey, p216). This can create a problem for women within the community as there is evidence that more attractive women face more negative criticism and behaviors for women who deem themselves lesser attractive.   The Journal of Evolutionary Behavioral Science states that, Differential levels of attractiveness can even promote discord within close female friendships, with the less attractive friend perceiving more mating rivalry within the dyad (DelPriore, p348). Cosmetic surgery makes women more competitive with each other and this has more consequences for teenagers than it does for adults because teenagers are still developing their own opinions and views of each themselves and each other.   This extra competition makes being one with the community harder and causes the teens to be alienated from their peers because of the contempt.     When teens rely on plastic surgery to boost their self esteem it may backfire.   Cosmetic surgery does not teach teens to value themselves, instead it imposed aesthetic morals on them and degrades their self esteem.   It teaches them to rely on their outer appearance as a determinant for their value.   It is possible that the cosmetic procedure will not give them the outcome they expected.   For example the procedure could make them look a way that they did not expect and their self esteem may suffer more.   A study published by the American Psychological Association written by Melissa Dittman confirmed   Several predictors of poor outcomes, especially for those who hold unrealistic expectations or have a history of depression and anxiety. The researchers found that patients who are dissatisfied with   surgery may request repeat procedures or experience depression and adjustment problems, social   isolation, family problems, self-destructive behaviors and anger toward the surgeon and his or her   staff. (Dittman, 2005) This could create a negative cycle of relying on cosmetic surgery for self acceptance and this is very unhealthy mentally and physically.   The personal cost of the cosmetic surgery is too high for a teen to risk and therefore they should wait until adulthood.     Cosmetic surgery is not all bad and it does have its benefits.   Proponents of cosmetic surgery for teenagers believe it promotes body autonomy.   According to Sarah Jean, staff writer of The Medium, body autonomy is, the idea that everyone has final say or jurisdiction over their bodies (Jean, 2017).   The concept of body autonomy is basically the ability to decide what happens or does not happen to ones own body.   This relates to many aspects of life.   For example if a young girl does not want to be touched, this is her exuding bodily autonomy.   If a teen has poor self esteem because of a physical quality, promoting bodily autonomy suggests that they be allowed to handle that problem how they see fit.   Allowing a teen to get a piercing or tattoos is a demonstration of bodily autonomy as well.   This may be a good and needed lesson in a teens life.   Proponents of cosmetic surgery for teens say it promotes bodily autonomy and that is correct it does.   It allows the teen to decide whether or not to surgically alter their appearance how they see fit.   When one is teaching bodily autonomy how does one say no to plastic surgery without being hypocritical, it is not really possible.   Cosmetic surgery does have some benefits however, it may have more detrimental effects so teens and their guardians should exercise extra caution if deciding to do so.   Ã‚  Teenagers should not be allowed to undergo cosmetic surgery because of the harmful effects the procedure may have.   This is not to say that people should never have cosmetic surgery because there are some known benefits.   One major reason that teens should not elect to have cosmetic surgery is because there is the risk of serious health problems, including death, specifically related to the anesthesia.   The problem is that when teens elect to undergo cosmetic surgery it may be for the wrong reasons.   The entertainment industry plays a heavy role in beauty standards and have been know to idealize unrealistic beauty standards.   If teens are being influenced by the entertainment industry they are likely choosing to undergo cosmetic surgery for the wrong reasons.   This may have severe consequences to their self esteem.   There are some known benefits for teens electing to undergo cosmetic surgery, such as bodily autonomy.   When teens are exerting bodily aut onomy it may be hypocritical to tell them they can not have cosmetic surgery.   Allowing them this choice does teach them bodily autonomy however the benefits of this do not outweigh the risks.   Ultimately teens should wait until adulthood before they undergo elective surgery such as cosmetic surgery.

The Science of Magnetic Field Lines

A magnetic field surrounds any electric charge in motion. The magnetic field is continuous and invisible, but its strength and orientation may be represented by magnetic field lines. Ideally, magnetic field lines or magnetic flux lines show the strength and orientation of a magnetic field. The representation is useful because it gives people a way to view an invisible force and because mathematical laws of physics easily accommodate the number or density of field lines. Magnetic field lines are a visual representation of the invisible lines of force in a magnetic field.By convention, the lines trace the force from the north to south pole of a magnet.The distance between the lines indicates relative strength of the magnetic field. The closer the lines are, the stronger the magnetic field is.Iron filings and a compass may be used to trace the shape, strength, and direction of magnetic field lines. A magnetic field is a vector, which means it has magnitude and direction. If electric current flows in a straight line, the right hand rule shows the direction invisible magnetic field lines flow around a wire. If you imagine gripping the wire with your right hand with your thumb pointing in the direction of the current, the magnetic field travels in the direction of the fingers around the wire. But, what if you dont know the direction of current or simply want to visualize a magnetic field? How to See a Magnetic Field Like air, a magnetic field is invisible. You can view wind indirectly by throwing small bits of paper into the air. Similarly, placing bits of magnetic material in a magnetic field lets you trace its path. Easy methods include: Use a Compass A group of compasses can show the directions of magnetic field lines. Maciej Frolow / Getty Images Waving a single compass around a magnetic field shows the direction of the field lines. To actually map the magnetic field, placing many compasses indicates the direction of the magnetic field at any point. To draw magnetic field lines, connect the compass dots. The advantage of this method is that it shows the direction of magnetic field lines. The disadvantage is that it doesnt indicate magnetic field strength. Use Iron Filings or Magnetite Sand Iron is ferromagnetic. This means it aligns itself along magnetic field lines, forming tiny magnets with north and south poles. Tiny bits of iron, such as iron filings, align to form a detailed map of field lines because the north pole of one piece orients to repel the north pole of another piece and attract its south pole. But, you cant just sprinkle the filings onto a magnet because they are attracted to it and will stick to it rather than trace the magnetic field. To solve this problem, iron filings are sprinkled onto paper or plastic over a magnetic field. One technique used to disperse the filings is to sprinkle them onto the surface from a height of a few inches. More filings can be added to make the field lines more clear, but only up to a point. Alternatives to iron filings include steel BB pellets, tin-plated iron filings (which wont rust), small paper clips, staples, or magnetite sand. The advantage to using particles of iron, steel, or magnetite is that the particles form a detailed map of magnetic field lines. The map also gives a rough indication of magnetic field strength. Closely-spaced, dense lines occur where the field is strongest, while widely-separated, sparse lines show where it is weaker. The disadvantage of using iron filings is that theres no indication of magnetic field orientation. The easiest way to overcome this is to use a compass together with iron filings to map both orientation and direction. Try Magnetic Viewing Film Magnetic viewing film is a flexible plastic containing bubbles of fluid laced with tiny magnetic rods. The films appears darker or lighter depending on the orientation of the rods in a magnetic field. Magnetic viewing film works best mapping complex magnetic geometry, such as that produced by a flat refrigerator magnet. Natural Magnetic Field Lines The lines in the aurora follow Earths magnetic field lines. Oscar Bjarnason / Getty Images Magnetic field lines also appear in nature. During a total solar eclipse, the lines in the corona trace the Suns magnetic field. Back on Earth, the lines in an aurora indicate the path of the planets magnetic field. In both cases, the visible lines are glowing streams of charged particles. Magnetic Field Line Rules Using magnetic field lines to construct a map, some rules become apparent: Magnetic field lines never cross.Magnetic field lines are continuous. They form closed loops that continue all the way through a magnetic material.Magnetic field lines bunch together where the magnetic field is strongest. In other words, the density of field lines indicates magnetic field strength. If the field lines around a magnet are mapped, its strongest magnetic field is at either pole.Unless the magnetic field is mapped using a compass, the direction of the magnetic field may be unknown. By convention, direction is indicated by drawing arrowheads along magnetic field lines. In any magnetic field, the lines always flow from the north pole to the south pole. The names north and south are historical and may have no bearing on the geographical orientation of the magnetic field Source Durney, Carl H. and Curtis C. Johnson (1969). Introduction to Modern Electromagnetics. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-018388-9.Griffiths, David J. (2017). Introduction to Electrodynamics (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108357142.Newton, Henry Black and Harvey N. Davis (1913). Practical Physics. The MacMillan Co., USA.Tipler, Paul (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-0810-0.

Management Theories Of Management Theory - 2222 Words

Management Theories Evolution Management practice cannot exist without the support of a theory. The complex character of management as the scholarly discipline, the variety of opinions concerning the essence and content of management theory, require systematizing knowledge about this phenomenon. Management theory is a relatively new science since its systematic development and academic research has started mostly in the 20th century. Although it is difficult to name the most important theories and principles of management developed throughout all the history of management theory, since such views can be quite subjective, basing on the research it is possible to point out the ones that made the most considerable contribution to its development. This essay will tackle some of the key management milestones and point out their peculiarities, importance, and possible limitations. Evolution of Management Theory: Five Important Milestones In the 20th century, the science of management emerged and evolved due to the necessity to solve practical problems in the sphere of production, therefore, there was an active study of elective forms and methods of management, and the profession of a manager became a separate activity requiring corresponding skills and knowledge. Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management Frederick Winslow Taylor can be called the founder of the science of social management, with his fundamental work â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management†. At that time,Show MoreRelatedTerror Management Theory1289 Words   |  6 Pagesboth humans and animals, the understanding of one’s own mortality is uniquely human. How do we, as humans, deal with the terror that is associated with this knowledge? 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Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

Question: Discuss about the Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Answer: Introduction: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is described as a rare disorder which is autosomal dominant. It can occur in any individual with the traits coming from both mother and father. In this disorder, the patient suffers from symptoms of heterotropic ossification which results in the formation of bones in the subject muscles and also in the connective tissues like tendons and ligaments. These result in prevention of smooth movements and inability to move properly (1). Along with the occurrence of heterotropic ossification, the patient also suffers from congenital malformation of his big toes. Statistical analysis has shown the presence of such disorder in 2 of a million individuals at births. Researchers are of the opinion that phenotype of this disorder is mainly linked with the markers present at the chromosome number 4. They say that disorder is mainly the reason of a particular kind of gene mutation which in turn result in the over expression of a particular type of protein called the bone morphogenetic protein other researchers have shed more light on the real genetic science behind the cause of the disease. They say that FOP can have a linkage with the chromosomal region of 2q2324. They have suggested that recurrent mutation in the particular gene that encodes the activin. A receptor called the type 1 or ACRV1 is the BMP type 1 receptor that mainly acts as the contributing factor for the disorder. BMP signalling, by acting on tetrameroc receptor complex provides signal through . this causes mesenchymal stem cell differentiation by converging at Runx2 transcription factors that prmote osteoblast differentiation and hence results in bone formation. This gene called AC RV1 is also called the activin like kinase 2 or the ALK 2 and its identification have given a huge expectation to the scientists in order to create a successful therapeutic strategy for the prevention of the disease. Moreover it would also help in early identification of the disorder as it acts as a reliable confirmatory diagnosis before the onset of any appearance of ectopic ossification. Moreover, ample researchers have been conducted which have proved that congenital great toe malformation along with the progressive swelling of different soft tissues in the body can clearly act as symptoms for genetic testing and consultation (2). Proper identification of the disorder in the primary stages can thereby inhibit the application of unnecessary therapeutic interventions which instead of curing the disorder may result in permanent damage. Moreover, correct identification of genes and their mutation resulting in such disorder and also of the various symptoms that it shows, scientists ar e now interested in development of different therapeutic agents that will tend to block the overactive behaviour of the ACVR1/ALK2 signalling (3). They are therefore very much hopeful that the therapies will help to prevent the progression of the disease. The next important thing that needs to be discussed herein is the contributing factors that result in the occurrence of such type of mutations in the genetic constitution. Both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the occurrence of different symptoms that associate with the disorder. Different genetic determinants have been responsible for influencing the phenotype of the child mainly during the prenatal development. On the other hand, different environmental factors have been seen to influence the phenotype of child in the post natal development mainly during the progression of heterotrophic ossification. This can be very well established from the experiments that were conducted in the three pairs of monozygotic twins. It was observed in each pair of twins that malformation of the congenital toe in both the individuals in each pair was highly identical. However it also showed that when they were differentially exposed to different environments, both the individual o f each pair showed different progression to postnatal heterotropic ossification. Researchers noted that the later varied greatly due to different life history and also to different limits of environmental exposure like various soft tissue traumas and also due to different exposure to viral illnesses (4). Therapeutic treatments are still under research which aims to prevent the occurrence of the symptoms at the genetic level. However, in the present situation there is no such treatment for this disorder because researchers have not been able to establish the effectiveness of ACTH, calcium binding agents and glucorticoids in this context. Researchers have stated that they believe Sodium etidronate can be helpful in preventing the formation of ectopic bone after surgical procedures. Moreover researches are also conducted in order to establish a proper treatment method by the usage of the inferno alpha, endostatin, angiostatin and also on thalidomide (5). From the entire discussion above, one can reach a conclusion that FOP is a rare disorder which disables an individual to perform smooth movements and hampers quality life. No fruitful treatments have been established which can cure the diseases or stop its progression. Therefore it becomes extremely important to educate healthcare professionals, patients and their families about the significance of early diagnosis of the symptoms and opt for prevention of trauma to save oneself from acute distress and disability in movements. References: Shore EM, Kaplan FS. BMP Signaling in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, a Rare Genetic Disorder of Heterotopic Ossification. InBone Morphogenetic Proteins: Systems Biology Regulators 2017 (pp. 327-343). Springer International Publishing. Shulman, R., Ellis, J., Shore, E., Kaplan, F. S., Badell, M. (2015). Maternal Genetic Skeletal Disorders: Lessons Learned From Cases of Maternal Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.Journal of Clinical Gynecology and Obstetrics,4(1), 184-187. Hatsell, S. J., Idone, V., Wolken, D. M. A., Huang, L., Kim, H. J., Wang, L., ... Das, N. (2015). ACVR1R206H receptor mutation causes fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva by imparting responsiveness to activin A.Science translational medicine,7(303), 303ra137-303ra137. Morales-Piga A, Kaplan FS. Osteochondral diseases and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. InRare diseases epidemiology 2010 (pp. 335-348). Springer Netherlands. Rashid U, Bari A, Maqsood A, Naz S, Ahmad TM. Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan: JCPSP. 2016 Feb 1;26(2):154-5.

Leadership Styles Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher

Currently, our societies are in need of visionary and inspiring leaders. For the world to overcome its current challenges such as economic chaos, terrorism, and social injustices, the world leaders should motivate people through actions rather than words.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Styles: Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that the world leaders should not only strive to meet the needs of their people, but also strive to be beacons of hope in their societies by enhancing justice, fairness, caring for the less fortunate and allowing love to flourish within our societies. The need for transformational leadership in our governments and institutions is evident from the current leadership wrangles. In our business organizations, increases in staff turnover cases imply that our institutions are in need of transformational leaders. In history, Nelson Mande la is viewed as a transformational leader. Unlike other historical leaders, when Mandela was the President of South Africa he treated all genders, races, tribes, and ages equally. When he was the president, he managed to unite his country, which was once considered the most polarized country in the world during the apartheid. On the other hand, Margaret Thatcher is considered one of the best female leaders who portrayed transactional leadership skills in Britain’s history. Nelson Mandela Before South Africa attained its independence, Mandela was one of the black South Africans who were championing for the country’s independence from the British colonials. His transformational leadership style was evident way back when he was the leader of a freedom movement fighting to end apartheid in South Africa (Lodge 2006, p. 3). Notably, as a leader of a freedom movement Mandela aimed at championing for an equal society where people could be treated fairly regardless of their rac e, colour, religion, or nationality. During the apartheid, the white South Africans were undermining the black and the coloured South Africans in every sector.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To put an end to these injustices, Mandela and his fellow friends risked their lives for the benefit of all by campaigning for equality in their societies. For several years, Mandela managed to escape traps from British authorities who were determined to arrest him for his actions. When Mandela was finally captured and imprisoned by the British soldiers, he never stopped campaigning for justice in the South African society. His transformational leadership was tested during one of his trials. During this trial, Mandela never denied the charges he was accused of despite knowing that if he was going to be found guilty he was going to be sentenced to death. These acts prove that he was comm itted to ending injustices in South African society no matter the cost. When Mandela was finally released from prison, he became the president of South Africa in the year 1994. After becoming the president, several white government officials who had worked for the previous regime were expecting to be replaced from their offices. To their surprise, Mandela never replaced them. Instead, Mandela worked with these officials amicably regardless of their past political positions. Even though the whites had mistreated the blacks and the coloured by offering them limited opportunities during the apartheid, Mandela’s administration choose to treat every South African equally regardless of their past. By these acts, his leadership inspired several South Africans on the need to have a just society where everyone could be treated equally. Similarly, during his presidency Mandela was able to inspire several South African athletes and footballers. For instance, when a South African boxer b y the name Matlala defeated an American Boxer he found time to visit the boxer in his home and congratulated him. After the visit, the boxer was inspired and determined to win every match in honour of Mandela.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Styles: Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During one of the international matches where South Africa was preparing to play against an international team, Mandela walked into the changing room wearing a jersey similar to one of the footballers named Mark. In the dressing room, Mandela exchanged his jersey with the player. During and after the match, the player was impressed knowing that his fascinating skills had caught the attention of Mandela. Through these acts, Mandela proved to be a transformational leader. Margaret Thatcher Before her resignation, Margaret Thatcher leadership style offered numerous people with valuable less ons in power and management (Thatcher Dale 2010, p. 4). During her leadership, Thatcher proved that indeed she was a transactional leader. Just like Britain’s greatest industrial leaders such as Collins Marshall and John Harvey Jones, Thatcher brought radical economical changes in Britain through her effective managerial skills (Eagly Carli 2007, p. 67). It is alleged that when she was in power all Thatcher ever wanted was to restore British former power in the world dominance. In general, through her leadership Thatcher managed to tackle economic stagnation issues, unemployment, and inflation issues. She managed to achieve these by transforming business institutions towards greater competitiveness, production, and technological advancement. As a transactional leader, Thatcher was not after changing Britain’s future but rather keeping it the way it were. Since her early political career in the early 1950s, Thatcher had always been a conservative politician. As a cons ervative, she opposed several laws that she deemed as contradicting the society values. For instance, in the year 1964 she represented her conservative party in urging the government to allow the tenants to purchase the council houses. Her conservatism became notable when she supported the Leo Abse’s Bill. This bill was meant to criminalize homosexuality within British territories.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, during the year 1966 she represented her party in opposing the labour laws that were meant to control prices and incomes. According to her arguments, these laws were going to destroy the country’s economy. Likewise, during the year 1966 she opposed the government’s high-tax plans. Thatcher argued that lower taxes were the only incentives that could be offered to workers for them to work hard. As such, she believed that high-tax plans were communistic ideas rather than socialistic ideas. When she became the prime minister in the year 1979, her transactional leadership skills became eminent. She was a strict supervisor and stressed on the significance of group performance. Notably, she became determined to reduce the power vested upon the trade unions. She believed that trade unions posed great risks to a country’s democracy and economy. To reduce their power, Thatcher introduced a legislation, which was meant to regulate the trade unions. Out of these initiatives, several industrial strikes were witnessed across Britain. Her strictness on performance was witnessed when she closed down more than 20 state-owned mines owing to their poor performance. Owing to this, several mineworkers lost their jobs leading to national strikes. During the strikes, Thatcher refused to be undermined by the trade union leaders. In the year 1982, she declared that strikes were prohibited in Britain. Later on, Thatcher resigned as a prime minister when her policies and transactional leadership skills became obsolete. Through her leadership styles, Thatcher was able to motivate several women leaders. Before her premiership, women were considered ineffective for such post. However, when she ascended to power several women became convinced that they could achieve the same status in the community just like their male counterparts. In history, Thatcher will always be remembered for her exceptional leadership skills, which enabled her to conquer and rule the male dominated field (Billing 2011, p. 15). Conclusion Based on the above analysis, it is evident that transformational leadership style is an ideal leadership trait as compared to transactional leadership style. Mandela managed to inspire and uplift the livelihoods of several individuals in South Africa and the world at large through his transformational leadership style. As opposed to Thatcher, Mandela made peace with his enemies regardless of the political past. This was evident from the way he treated the white South Africans before and after he ascended to power in the year 1994. On the other hand, Thatcher made several enemies through her transactional leadership style. For instance, throughout her tenure as Britain’s prime minister she always differed with the labour unions. Equally, as a prime minister she closed down several state-owned mines which were performing poorly. Through this move, several individuals lost their jobs adding to the number of her enemies. As e vident from the two leaders, transformational leadership styles are admirable rather than transactional leadership styles because they allow executives to keep in touch with their followers (Rosener 1990, p. 124). References Billing, Y 2011, ‘Are Women in Management Victims of the Phantom of the Male Norm?’, Gender, Work and Organization, vol. 18 no. 3, pp. 1-20. Eagly, A., Carli, L 2007, ‘Women and the labyrinth of leadership’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 85 no.9, pp. 63-71. Lodge, T 2006. Mandela: a critical life, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Rosener, J 1990, ‘The command-and-control leadership style associated with men is not the only way to succeed’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 12 no.2, pp. 119 125. Thatcher, M., Dale, I 2010, Margaret Thatcher in her own words, Biteback, London. This essay on Leadership Styles: Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher was written and submitted by user Juan Sutton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.